Statistical Notes

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STATISTICAL NOTES

The combined National Register populations of the United Kingdom and the Isle of Man as derived from the initial enumeration at the end of September 1939, amounted to 46,895,914. The constituent national totals are set out hereunder. In regard to the figures for Great Britain and the Isle of Man it is to be observed that they have been derived wholly from counts made by enumerators and furnished in summary form through their respective local registration officers. Past census experience shows that there is usually a small difference between summaries thus furnished and the result of the direct examination of the original records at head office, but it is not material as a rule in relation to the magnitude of the totals, and ought to he of even less significance in present circumstances on account of the additional checks imposed by the analytical operations which were undertaken by the field staff. In the case of Northern Ireland, the count was made at the head office in Belfast; but the precision of the record has been to some extent affected by the method employed in the collection of the original data and by the omission of inmates of institutions in respect of whom an estimated addition of 12,698, derived from the 1937 census returns, has been included in the total shown below.

NATIONAL REGISTER POPULATIONS, 1939

	Persons	Males	Females
England and Wales	40,651,706	19,074,099	21,577607
Scotland	4,907,619	2,296,367	2,611,252
Northern Ireland	1,285,760	*	*
Isle of Man	50,829	22,475	28,354
United Kingdom & Isle of Man	46,895,914	*	*

Corresponding National Register populations (without distinction of sex in the case of Northern Ireland) are set out in Table I for a range of subdivisions of the countries comprising Regions, Counties, Towns and Rural areas.

For the purpose of comparison with standard population records, such as those associated with previous censuses or with current estimates, the above figures are not suitable as they stand on account of the fact that two sections of population are, as stated earlier, excluded from the National Register totals, viz. (a) persons serving in and not on leave from His Majesty's Naval, Military or Air Forces and (b) populations on ships in or nearing port.

Precise evaluation of the excluded sections is not possible, but from available material it is believed that they would account together for rather more than a million persons, or say 1,010,000, almost exclusively male, and apportioned between the dire¹ main sections of the Kingdom in round figures as follows :— England and Wales 900,000, Scotland 400,000 and Northern Ireland 10,000.

After adjustment of the National Register figures with these allowances, a total of 47,906,000 is reached for the whole of the United Kingdom and the Isle of Man combined. While from the nature of its construction this total is not entitled to the authority of a direct count, it can probably be regarded as valid within a margin of error which should not exceed per thousand. The corres¨pondingly augmented totals for the three main sections would be as follows':— England and Wales 41,552,000, Scotland 5,008,000 and Northern Ireland 1,296,000, and these figures are used for comparative purposes in the following paragraphs.

GREAT BRITAIN

The present total of 46,560,000 is the largest hitherto reached in Great Britain. It exceeds the number returned at the census of 1931 by 1,765,000 or 3.9 per cent., which, when allowance is made for the differing dates of record, corresponds to an average annual increase in population of 0'47 per cent. It is of interest to observe that this average is the same as the similarly computed annual average rate of increase in the preceding decennium 1921-1931.

Comparative figures showing the growth of population in Great Britain and its two national divisions at successive enumerations since 1801 are shown in the following table. They are pictorially displayed in diagram A.

TABLE A. —GREAT BRITAIN: POPULATION 1801-1039 (Numbers in thousands.)

Date of Enumeration	Great Britain			England and Wales			Scotland
	Population	Increase		Population	Increase		Population	Increase
		No.	%		No.	%		No.	%
1801, March 9/10	10,501	-	-	8893	-	-	1608	-	-
1811, May 26/27	11970	1469	14.0	10164	1271	14.3	1806	198	12.3
1821, May 27/28	14092	2122	17.7	12000	1836	18.1	2092	286	15.8
1831, May 29/30	16261	2169	15.4	13897	1897	15.8	2364	272	13.0
1841, June 6/7	18534	2273	14.0	15914	2017	14.5	2620	256	10.8
1851, March 30/31	20817	2283	12.3	17928	2014	12.7	2889	269	10.3
1861, April 7/8	23128	2311	11.1	20066	2138	11.9	3062	173	6.0
1871, April 2/3	26072	2944	12.7	22712	2646	13.2	3360	298	9.7
1881, April 3/4	29710	3638	14.0	25974	3262	14.4	3736	376	11.2
1891, April 5/6	33029	3319	11.2	29003	3029	11.7	4026	290	7.8
1901, March 31/April 1	37000	3971	12.0	32528	3525	12.2	4472	446	11.1
1911, April 2/3	40831	3831	10.4	36070	3542	10.9	4761	289	6.5
1921, June 19/20	42769	1938	4.7	37887	1817	5.0	4882	121	2.5
1931, April 26/27	44795	2026	4.7	39952	2065	5.5	4843	-39	-0.8
1939, Sept. 29/30	46560	1765	3.9	41552	1600	4.0	5008	165	3.4
Equivalent 10 yrs. Increase	-	2093	4.7	-	1897	4.7	-	196	4.0

An incidental feature revealed in this series is that the decrease of population recorded for Scotland in respect of the period 1921-1931-the only decrease shown in the table has been now reversed by a period of growth substantially greater than that of either of the previous periods since the 1914-18 war. The more important general feature of interest which is disclosed, however, 's the somewhat abrupt change in the steady sequence of population increases dating from the period of the last war ; prior to that time the annual rate of growth had been consistently of the order of 1 per cent. or more, but immediately after it dropped to rather less than half that figure at which lower level it has been maintained ever since.

Much natural concern has been expressed in recent years in regard .to the prospect of a decline in the population of this country.. What is happening at the present time has not, however, always been clearly understood. It must again be emphasized that up to now the population has been steadily increasing; not only has no decline been so far registered but there is no evidence as yet of the gradual tapering away of the successive increases which would ordinarily be expected to precede the attainment of a peak total as the immediate precursor of an ultimate fall. But it is of course useless under present circumstances to attempt to speculate on likely population conditions either of the remote or the immediate future. The significance of peace time trends will be profoundly influenced, if not rendered meaningless, by the occurrence of a state of war; and if the length and intensity of the present struggle prove at all comparable with that of 1914- 1918, its consequences will be reflected in the population record for many years to come.

The new figures broadly confirm the annual estimates of the population of Great Britain derived from the reports of the Registrars General published year by years since 1931. Diagram B, in which they are shown together, suggests at first sight that there may have been a slight degree of under-statement in the estimates of the most recent years. This of course may be true; but it has to be remembered that in the case of males, the new figures are themselves subject to a margin of error in respect of the unverified allowances included for non-civilians and shipping population. Moreover, in case of both sexes, the onset of the war must have imposed immediate restrictions upon migration during the month of September and may well have been responsible for a significant diversion of the normal course of population movement during that period.

IMAGE

In the following table the 193 —39 increase of population is resolved it to its principal (component elements; and these are accompanied by similar comparative analyses for earlier intercensal periods

TABLE B .—BIRTHS, DEATHS, AND MIGRATION I871-1939 (figures in thousands)

Period	Great Britain			England and Wales			Scotland
	Births	Deaths	Gain or Loss (-) by Migration (All Types)	Births	Deaths	Gain or Loss (-) by Migration (All Types)	Births	Deaths	Gain or Loss (-) by Migration (All Types)
1871-81	9838	5943	-257	8604	5178	-164	1234	765	-93
1881-91	10147	6010	-817	8894	5265	-600	1253	745	-217
1891-01	10438	6344	-122	9157	5563	-69	1281	781	-53
1901-11	10596	6009	-756	9290	5246	-502	1306	763	-254
1911-21	9466	6019	-1509*	8281	5268	-1196*	1185	751	-313
1921-31	7935	5344	-565	6930	4692	-173	1005	652	-392
1931-39 (8.4 years)	5886	4639	518	5137	4092	555	749	547	-37
10 years equivalent	6981	5503	615	6093	4854	658	888	649	-43

* Includes the death ao non-civilians which occurred abroad during the 1914-1918 war, estimated at 577,000 England & Wales and 74,000 (Scotland).

The analysis of the 1931-39 period is further extended in Table C to show the movement of the component elements by calendar years.

Though, as already remarked, the total growth of population in the period since 1931 has been on a scale roughly commensurate with that of the ten year prior to 1931, Table B shows that the composition of the later increase is of a far less satisfactory character. Both of the components representing the natural elements of birth and death have moved in an unfavourable direction- - seriously so in the case of birth; and but for the compensation of an apparently adventi¨tious change of considerable magnitude in the direction of migration, the population position might have legitimately given rise to even greater public concern than it has already done.

TABLE C .— BIRTHS, DEATHS, AND MIGRATION, 1931 -1939
(figures in thousands)

	Great Britain		Inward Balance of Civilian Passenger Movement into and out of the United Kingdom
	Births	Deaths
1931 (last 3 quarters)	541	374	76
1932	705	550	77
1933	667	561	48
1934	686	541	55
1935	687	543	54
1936	694	563	70
1937	698	579	6
1938	710	542	30
1939 (first 3 quarters)	546	426	83

Births over the years 1931-39 averaged 15.3 per 1,000 population per annum as compared with an average of 18.7 in the preceding 10 years, thus marking a further fall of more than 18 per cent. in the steep decline which has been the outstanding feature of the birth rate history of Great Britain during the past 60 years. The experience is amongst the lowest of all countries for which records are available; and the lowness is of extreme significance in that as a measure of fertility it is between 20 and 25 per cent. below the level which will have to he recovered and maintained if a future decline in population is to be avoided.

On the other hand the long fall at last shows signs of having been arrested. The lowest level touched was that of 14.7 per thousand in the year 1933, since when there has been a minute but continuous improvement raising the rate to 15.4 in 1938. In actual numbers, the present level of births is not inordinately low, as their maintenance at the current figure of about 700,000 per annum would be sufficient under peace conditions to sustain and stabilize the population at or near its present size. But the maintenance of an annual 700,000 births could only be achieved by a gradual increase in fertility sufficient to compensate for the decreasing number of women who are now passing into the child-bearing period. Whether such increase in fertility is to be realized or not depends on many factors, into a discussion of which it is not possible to enter within the limits of the present Report.

In regard to deaths, mortality, as measured by standardized rates which make allowance for the changing age distribution of the population, shows a further substantial decline between the two periods 1921-31 and .1931-38 amounting to 11 per cent. in England and Wales and 10 per cent. in Scotland, thus reducing it to a level of about one-half of what it was at the beginning of the century. Notwithstanding this welcome and apparently continuing improvement, the annual number of deaths now tends to rise rather than fall owing to the increasing proportions of the population at the older ages where the death frequencies are highest; and there is accordingly little likelihood of any numerical compensation from this factor to set against a future insufficiency in the numbers of births.

The movement of population not accounted for by the difference between births and deaths is shown in Table B to have been inward on balance and to have resulted in a net gain of 518,000 persons or nearly one-third of the total population increase of 1,765,000. This result is noteworthy as being in complete contrast to the similar records shown for the six previous decennia, in all of which migration, though irregular in amount, has been consistently outward on balance. It has to be borne in mind that balances so shown are merely differences between primary movements of much larger character in opposing directions and that change in either of the direct movements may have a quite disproportionate effect on the difference series. From such evidence as is available from the Board of Trade records in regard to true migrants as distinct from temporary travellers, it would appear that both emigration and immigration have fallen in volume during recent years, but that it is predominantly to the reduction of emigrants to a fraction only of their former weight of numbers that the change in the direction of the balance is now due. It will be observed that in Scotland the balance of migration though greatly reduced, was again outward in direction, an indication, no doubt of the continued movement of population from Scotland to England.

NORTHERN IRELAND

The National Register population of Northern Ireland (including an allowance, based on the 1937 census record, for inmates of institutions not individually identified in the register) amounted to 1,285,760 persons. For comparison with Ordinary census figures, however, a further allowance for non civilians and shipping population out the scope of the National Register Act must he added. From independent records dealing with these classes, it is indicated that their numbers at the end of September 1939 were of the order of 10,000, which accordingly raises the register figure to a national total of some 1,296 thousands. This figural is more than 16 thousands in excess of the 1937 census total enumerated 2 years and 7 months earlier. to view of the fact that the population had only increased by 23 thousands in the eleven years preceding 1937, the indicated increase of 16 thousands in lather more than 2g years appears to be abnormally high. It is possible that the register Figures themselves may still be subject to an element of undetected inflation through duplication of record or that the allowances made for the exclude,[ classes are excessive, though there has undoubtedly been an increase during recent months in the numbers sent over from Great Britain to Northern Ireland for training in military units stationed in the latter area.

An analysis of recent population movements affecting Northern Ireland will lie found in the Preliminary Report on the 1937 census published by the Registrar- General of Northern Ireland.

ISLE OF MAN

The National Register population of the Isle of Man amounted to .50,829 persons and exceeded the number returned on the occasion of the census of 1931 by 1,521 or 3.4 per cent. It is estimated that at the time of the enumeration approximately 1,000 normal residents were absent from the Island serving in His Majesty's Naval, Military or Air Forces or on Manx vessels employed on transport service.

Comparative figures showing the changes in the population of the Isle of Man since 1821 are given in the following table

TABLE AA. —ISLE OF MAN-POPULATION 1821-1939

Date of Enumeration as in Table A	Population	Increase
		Number	Per cent.
1821	40081	-	-
1831	41000	919	2.3
1841	47975	6975	17
1851	52387	4412	9.2
1861	52469	82	0.2
1871	54042	1573	3
1881	53558	-484	-0.9
1891	55608	2050	3.8
1901	54752	-856	-1.5
1911	52016	-2736	-5
1921	60284	8268	15.9
1931	49308	-10976	-18.2
1939	50829	1521	3.1

DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION WITHIN GREAT BRITAIN

In considering the distribution of the population within the country as presented by 0 ire National Register records it is important to boar in mind f hat it differs from similar distributions obtained from normal peace time records to all extent whit will impair, if it does not altogether destroy, the value of any comparisons between the one and the other.

In the first place the National Register totals do not embrace the whole population since, as has already been explained, they exclude non-civilians actually serving with the forces and also the population of ships in or nearing port. For the country as a whole it has been possible to estimate these excluded sections within reasonable limits and an addition equal to about 4.7 per cent. of the male population or 2.2 per cent, of the total population has been regarded as a reasonable corrective to bring the register totals into harmony with census records. But for portions of the country this procedure is not possible, as the incidence of the excluded elements varies widely in different areas and the necessary material is not available for its assessment. All that can be done is to point out that the disturbance is likely to be greatest where the said exceptions are prominent, i.e. in ports in respect of shipping population and in districts containing barracks or other service establishments in the case of non-civilians.

But the greater and more widespread disparity arises from the fact that the National Register enumeration was undertaken immediately after the official and private evacuation of large sections of the population from many of the more congested urban areas This subject has already been discussed from its broader aspects ; and it is sufficient here to observe that in view of the scale and ubiquity of these movements it is impossible to isolate or assess the effect of any other factor which may have contributed to the ascertained changes in local populations.

Evacuation, Reception and Neutral areas are severally identified in Table from which it will be found that only 268 out of a total of 1,470 Boroughs and County Districts in England and Wales and 41 out of a corresponding total of 228 in Scotland are scheduled as neutral areas under Government evacuation schemes. From many of the in the neighbourhood of industrial areas it is known that much private evacuation has taken place. Since the whole of the abnormal movement took place within a month or so prior to National Registration Day, it will be more accurately measured by reference to a peace time population of more recent date than that of the 1931 census; and for this purpose the mid 1938 estimate of each area as published by the Registrars General in their annual publication:: has been included as an additional measure of comparison in Table I. The mid- 1938 estimate, which is the latest at present available, has not the authority of an enumeration, but judging by past experience, it may be relied upon broadly to mark the division between the normal peace time trends operating prior to the war and the different and quite exceptional movements that have occurred since.

The following table shows approximately how the recent variations in the population were distributed in the geographical regions and large density aggre¨gates in which it is customary to summarise the records. The constitution of the regions is shown on page XXXii.

Prior to the outbreak of war and the consequent population disturbance, the regional movement, as reflected by the increases and decreases for the period 1931-1938, continued, in large measure, the experience of the previous decennium 1921-1931, though with some exceptions worth noting. Bearing in mind that the 1931-1938 periods relates to 7 years only, the general population drift towards London and the South Eastern counties which was the outstanding feature of the previous decennium will be seen to have been more than maintained. The gain is a little more marked on this occasion in the surrounding counties than in the metropolis itself, but it is consistently high and in the South Eastern region as a whole the increase is practically two and a half times that of the country at large. The Midland regions (MI and M2) are the only others in which the increase is in excess of that of England and Wales, again repeating the experience of the previous decennium. The industrial sections of the Northern region (N l, N3 and N4) all show progressive deterioration, the small earlier increase in Northumberland and Durham (NI) having now been converted to a more material decline, and the West Riding of Yorkshire (N3) and Lancashire and Cheshire (N4) having barely maintained their 1931 positions after moderate increases in the preceding decennium!. In both regions of Wales, the 1921-31 decline has been continued, with considerable acceleration in the coal mining areas of WI, to which is assigned the biggest fall shown in the table. In Scotland on the other hand, the slight decline recorded between 1921 and 1931 has once more been superseded by an increase equivalent to that of England and Wales, and located mainly in the two central regions identified within that country.

TABLE D. —GREAT BRITAIN: REGIONS AND DENSITY AGGREGATES
(figures in thousands)

		(i) Populations				(ii) Increase or Decrease (-) in Population			(iii) Percentage Increase or Decrease (-) in Population			(iv) Excess or defect (-) of local over national percentage increase			(v) Approximate increase or decrease (-) through evacuation in 1939
		N.R. 1939	Registrar General's Estimate, 1938	Census 1931	Census 1921	1938 to 1939	1931 to 1938	1921 to 1931	1938 to 1939	1931 to 1938	1921 to 1931	1938 to 1939	1931 to 1938	1921 to 1931	Per cent.	Numbers in thousands
Great Britain		45559	46208	44795	42769	-649	1413	2026	-1.4	3.2	4.7	-	-	-	-	-
England and Wales		40652	41215	39952	37887	-563	1263	2065	-1.4	3.2	5.5	0.0	0.0	0.8	-	-
Regional Aggregates-
Greater London		7178	8700	8204	7480	-1522	496	724	-17.5	6	9.7	-16.1	2.8	5	-16.6	-1444
Remainder of S.E.		6396	5790	5274	4796	606	516	478	10.5	9.8	10	11.9	6.6	5.3	10.8	625
North I		2108	2204	2243	2226	-96	-39	17	-4.4	-1.7	0.8	-3	-4.9	-3.9	-2.2	-48
North II		1317	1295	1278	1255	22	17	23	1.7	1.3	1.8	3.1	-1.9	-2.9	3.4	44
North III		3408	3460	3440	3270	-52	14	176	-1.5	0.4	5.4	-0.1	-2.8	0.7	0.4	14
North IV		6015	6162	6128	5954	-147	34	174	-2.4	0.6	2.9	-1	-2.6	-1.8	-0.6	-37
Midland I		4880	4751	4534	4263	129	217	271	2.7	4.8	6.4	4.1	1.6	1.7	3.8	181
Midland II		2529	2456	2366	2197	73	90	169	3	3.8	7.7	4.4	0.6	3	4.3	106
East		1955	1849	1822	1782	106	27	40	5.7	1.5	2.2	7.1	-1.7	-2.5	7.4	137
South West		2297	2083	2064	2008	214	19	56	10.3	0.9	2.8	11.7	-2.3	1.9	12.1	252
Wales I		1815	1783	1898	1939	32	-115	-41	1.8	-6.1	-2.1	3.2	-9.3	-6.8	4.8	86
Wales II		752	683	696	717	69	-13	-21	10.1	-1.9	2.9	11.5	-5.1	-7.6	12.3	84
Density Aggregates-
Greater London		7178	8700	8204	7480	-1522	496	724	-17.5	6	9.7	-16.1	2.8	5	-16.6	-1444
All C.B.s	excluding Greater London	12263	12810	12799	12306	-547	11	493	-4.3	0.1	4	-2.9	-3.1	-0.7	-2.4	-307
All M.B.s and U.D.s		13176	12526	11941	11397	650	585	544	5.2	4.9	4.8	6.6	1.7	0.1	6.3	789
All R.D.s		8034	7179	7008	6704	855	171	304	11.9	2.4	4.5	13.3	-0.8	-0.2	13.4	962
Scotland		4908	4993	4843	4882	-85	150	-39	-1.7	3.1	-0.8	-	-	-	-	-
Regional Aggregates-
Northern		1030	981	978	1045	49	3	-67	5	0.3	-6.4	6.7	-2.8	-5.6	7.2	71
East Central		1294	1359	1306	1294	-65	53	12	-4.8	4.1	0.9	-3.1	1	1.7	-3.3	-45
West Central		2315	2402	2308	2289	-87	94	19	-3.6	4.1	0.8	-1.9	1	1.6	-2.1	-51
Southern		269	250	251	254	19	-1	-3	7.6	-0.4	-1.5	9.3	-3.5	-0.7	9.9	25
Density Aggregates-
Large Burghs		2543	2748	2648	2580	-205	100	68	-7.5	3.8	2.6	-5.8	0.7	3.4	-5.9	-161
Small Burghs		809	761	737	777	48	24	-40	6.3	3.3	-5.1	8	0.2	-4.3	8	61
Landward		1555	1484	1458	1525	71	26	-67	4.8	1.8	-4.4	6.5	-1.3	-3.6	6.7	100

It is of interest to observe from the Density Summary of England and Wales that outside Greater London, such abnormal growth as is recorded for the period 1931-1938 is located in the smaller towns where the aggregate rate of increase was more than 50 per cent. in excess of that of the whole country. This is in contrast to the position of the County Boroughs, which barely maintained their 1931 level of population. In Scotland, large Burghs and small Burghs increased at rates rather higher than that of the total country, both of them at the expense of the rural landward areas.

As regards the change shown for the period 1938-.1939, i.e. from mid-1938 to the 29th September, 1939, it has already been explained that the 1939 figures are not strictly comparable as they stand with the estimates of 1938, in that the former exclude non-civilians, etc., estimated for Great Britain as a whole at about 2.2 per cent. of the total enumerated, so that the decrease of 1.4 per cent, shown in the table for Great Britain is compounded of a real increase of 0.8 per cent. abated by the 2.2 per cent. in respect of the section excluded from the 1939 count

The real increase of 0.8 per cent. is that which has occurred through the natural forces of birth and death and the balance of external migration ; in amount, it would appear to be about one-quarter of the corresponding increase of the preceding period 1931-1938.

In the same way, the 1938-1939 increases and decreases shown for Regions are compound effects subject to the same factors as those referred to in respect of the total population, namely, the exclusion of excepted classes from the 1939 figures and the forces of birth, death and migration, but with the difference that migration is not limited to movements to and from Great Britain as a whole but includes also internal migration as well. And as the bulk of the internal migration of the 1938-39 experience will have been due to emergency evacuation, the major interest in the record is likely to be found in the evidence it provides of the weight and incidence of the evacuation movement. This cannot be identified and separated precisely from the other contributory factors but a sufficient approximation thereto will probably be provided by the following broad treatment.

Since regional differences due to variations in the incidence of births, deaths, external migration, and the excepted 1939 classes are likely to be small in relation to the incidence of evacuation, the former may, in the absence of independent local records, be allowed for by assuming that local experience is similar to that of the country at large and that they were throughout responsible for a population increase of 3.2 per cent. over the years 1931-38 and a reduction in 1938-39 of 1.4 per cent. By deducting these percentages from the experienced regional movements, as is done in Part (iv) of Table D, the movement incidence is circum¨scribed to that arising from internal migration in the two periods. If it be further assumed that the ordinary peace time trend of inter-regional migration, as evidenced by the 1931-38 movements, continued to operate up to say August 1939, then the evacuation element alone would be represented by the difference between the total internal migration of the period 1938- 39 and one-sixth of the corres¨ponding movement in the 1931-38 period and on this basis it has been calculated and set out in Part (v) of the table.

From these figures it will be seen that the only region which appears to have suffered a serious loss of population through evacuation is that of Greater London, which contains few neutral areas and no reception areas and where the decline on this account amounts to as much as 16.6 per cent. or a number of the order of 1,440 thousands of persons. In a similar way, a loss of the same character but of the much smaller dimensions of rather more than 2 per cent. is indicated for region NI ( Northumberland and Durham) and a possible fractional loss for Lancashire and Cheshire (N4). All the remaining regions of England and Wales would appear to have gained on balance by the movement, the highest relative receptions being those indicated for W2 (North and Central Wales) and the .South West region (12 per cent.), the portion of the South East region outside Greater London (nearly 11 per cent.) and East region (nearly 7-1 per cent.). In Scotland both the East and West Central regions had temporarily lost population by evacuation on the 29th September, 1939 to the approximate extent of between 3 and 4 per cent. and between 2 and 3 per cent. respectively, the corresponding receptions being proportionally greatest in the Southern region (over 9 per cent,1, but numerically so in the Northern area.

Outside Greater London, the large towns, both in England and Wales and also Scotland have, in the aggregate, lost population on balance by evacuation to (England and Wales- -between 2 and 3 per cent.; Scotland over 6 per cent.) the benefit of both the smaller towns and the rural areas, the gains being propor¨tionately similar in these two classes of area in Scotland but in favour of the rural areas in England and Wales.

The region, however, is too large a unit to provide a satisfactory picture of the incidence of local evacuation movements. Of the three types into which die areas of the country have been scheduled under Government evacuation schemes, viz. evacuation, neutral and reception areas, only one region, that of W.2, is confined exclusively to one type. All the others embrace at least two types and most of them all three, so that grouping the different types within regions not only tends to under-rate the inter-regional movements by relating them to the total regional populations, but completely ignores transfers of which both origin and destination are within a regional boundary itself.

For a more comprehensive indication of the movement, the unit areas must be aggregated according to type as is done in Table E, though even here the classification, based upon official designations, is not precise, since many of the areas classed as neutral are known to have been affected by the evacuation of private individuals and commercial staffs outside the scope of official measures.

TABLE E. —GREAT BRITAIN: EVACUATION, RECEPTION AND NEUTRAL AREAS BY REGIONS

Regions	Populations (thousands)									Percentage Increase [or Decrease -] of Population
	Evacuation Areas			Reception Areas			Neutral Areas			Evacuation Areas		Reception Areas		Neutral Areas
	N.R., 1939.	Estimate, 1938	Census, 1931	N.R., 1939.	Estimate, 1938	Census, 1931	N.R., 1939.	Estimate, 1938	Census, 1931	1938-39	1931-38	1938-39	1931-38	1938-39	1931-38
Great Britain	14323	16760	16705	19949	18067	17617	11289	11382	10473	-14.5	0.3	10.4	2.6	-0.8	8.7
England and Wales	12681	14918	14932	17972	16227	15789	9998	10070	9231	-15	-0.1	10.8	2.8	-0.7	9.1
South East	5988	7617	7638	5040	4294	3940	2546	2580	1900	-21.4	-0.3	17.4	9	-1.3	35.8
North	4664	5194	5268	3873	3570	3531	4312	4357	4296	-10.2	-1.4	8.5	1.1	-1	1.4
Midland	1917	1987	1905	3420	3161	3041	2073	2059	1954	-3.5	4.3	8.2	3.9	0.7	5.4
East	112	121	121	1621	1504	1478	222	224	223	-7.2	-0.1	7.8	1.7	-1	0.5
South West	-	-	-	2080	1848	1837	217	235	227	-	-	12.5	0.6	-7.4	3.2
Wales	-	-	-	1939	1850	1963	629	616	631	-	-	4.8	-5.7	2.1	-2.4
Scotland	1641	1842	1773	1976	1839	1828	1291	1312	1242	-10.9	3.9	7.4	0.6	1.6	5.6

From these figures, the evacuation movements themselves have been isolated from other contributory factors of increase and decrease in the approximate manner already described in connection with the previous table and they are summarized below in Table F.

TABLE F. —TRANSFERS OF POPULATION THROUGH EVALUALION AS AT 29TH SEPTEMBER 1939
(Negatives = losses; positives = gains)

	Evacuation Areas		Reception Areas		Neutral Areas
	Per cent.	Number in thousands	Per cent.	Number in thousands	Per cent.	Number in thousands
Great Britain	-12.6	-2112	11.9	2150	-0.3	-33
England and Wales	-13	-1939	12.3	1990	-0.3	-30
Regions-
South East	-19.4	-1478	17.8	764	-5.3	-137
North	-8	-416	10.3	368	0.7	30
Midland	-2.3	-46	9.5	300	1.7	35
East	-5.2	-6	9.4	141	0.8	2
South West	-	-	14.3	264	-6	-14
Wales	-	-	7.7	142	4.4	27
Scotland	-9.6	-176	9.2	168	-0.6	-8

This analysis is designed to show the broad features of the movements; it does not purport to be precise and no attempt has been made to secure that the respective gains and losses exactly balance one another.

So far as the classification of the areas is concerned, it will be observed that in those designated neutral there is evidence of both losses and gains. And in every section of the country identified it is probable that the figures in the last two columns of the table represent neither evacuations nor receptions alone but merely the balance between them, and are therefore no direct guide to the magnitude of the separate movements in either direction. In respect of the South Eastern counties, for example, with which the bulk of all evacuation movements has been associated, it has been a matter of common experience to find in the neutral areas adjoining London that many residents have sought shelter away from their own homes and that their places have been taken at the same time by refugees from the greater risks of the more central areas of the metropolis. It is clear therefore that the estimated loss of 137 thousand for these areas does not represent the whole of the outward movements, and that a similar incompleteness of repre¨sentation must be assumed to attach to the records of neutral areas in other sections of the country. In the specifically designated evacuation and reception areas, the movements will have been practically wholly of the one-way type and their records will not be subject to the reservations and mutual counteractions of those in neutral areas.

Altogether it would appear, when regard is had to some under representation in respect of the neutral areas, that in the whole of Great Britain more than two ¨and-a-quarter millions of people, or 5 per cent. of the total population, left their homes for safer areas at or immediately after the outbreak of war. Of these, three-quarters were resident in the South Eastern area; and from the evacuation areas of that region the loss was equivalent to the much higher percentage drop of 20 per cent. or one in every five of the population there exposed to risk. From the evacuation areas of the Northern regions of England and Wales, the loss was of the order of 400 thousands or 8 per cent. and from the similarly selected areas in Scotland, it reached nearly 10 per cent. of the population involved, though the actual numbers were less than half those of the Northern regions of England and Wales.

The destinations of the refugees, as might be anticipated, were more widely scattered throughout the country. About one-third found shelter in the reception areas of the South East region where they swelled the local populations to the extent of about 18 per cent. In the South West the additions through this move¨ment amounted to some 14 per cent. of the local populations, while in the North, Midland and Fast Regions it was of the order of 10 per cent., in Wales 8, and in Scotland 9 per cent.

Wit Liu the aggregates representing evacuation and reception areas there is a wide variety in the incidence of the two movements and it is necessary to refer to the individual areas themselves for evidence of the more extreme disturbances.

The outward movement, as might be expected, reached its maximum in respect of the Ad minis native County of London the whole of which is scheduled as an evacuation men_ here the exodus of probably more than 900 thousand persons was equivalent to a loss of nearly 23 per cent. of the total population. In the more central Boroughs it was well above the average for the whole county and may even have reached 30 per cent. or more in Holborn, Westminster, St. Marylebone and Chelsea.

As a guide to the more prominent features which have distinguished the movements in areas outside London since the last census, the following record is appended of 1 he areas showing the largest percentage decreases and increases between the enumerated populations of 1931 and 1939 as appearing in column 12 of Table L The total movement in each case has been apportioned between the two periods 1931-38 and 1938-39 with the object of identifying that part of it which will have been influenced by the special conditions of the 1939 enumeration so far as the available records enable this to be done.

The highest decrease in the table is that of 31.7 per cent. recorded for West . I Tam CAL and there are 18 others with decreases amounting to 20 per cent. or more. Prominent amongst them are towns adjacent to London; and as the bulk of their losses are assigned to the last year of the period they will have been due preponder¨antly to evacuation. At the same time many of these areas were declining in population prior to 1938; and where this was at all significant it must be presumed to have contributed in a minor degree to the greater decreases of the 1938-39 period. The extent of the latter is also influenced by the fact that non-civilians and shipping populations have been excluded from the 1939 enumeration but not from the records of 1931 or 1938; and this no doubt largely accounts for the presence in the list of military areas such as Aldershot, Farnborough and Richmond (Yorks) and of port towns like Portland, Gillingham, Portsmouth, Sheerness and Dover though any of these areas may well have suffered losses by evacuation in addition. In the three Banffshire towns of Findochty, Buckie and Portknockie, the decrease must, no doubt, be mainly ascribed to the exclusion of members of the fishing population at sea on National Registration night.

From the lower half of the table it will be .seen that the range of increases between 1931 and 1939 is on a much wider scale than that of the decreases. And as, in the case of most of the areas there identified, the growth was proceeding at a rapid rate prior to 1938 it will usually have been due to exceptional residential development of an otherwise normal character and it will not ordinarily be possible to identify that portion of it (if any) to be assigned to the influx of evacuees. Where the bulk of the increase has occurred since 1938 and no other explanation is available, as in the case of Tonbridge RD., the evacuation factor may be suspected. But the possible existence of special local factors must not be overlooked such, for example, as the temporary influx of seasonal hop pickers which is in large part responsible for the increases shown for Cranbrook RD. and Ledbury R D or the presence of a German refugee camp to which the increase in Sandwich M.B. is due. Notwith¨standing their presences in the list of largest increases, towns like Chislehurst and Sidcup, Bexley, Carshalton, Harrow and East Barnet would appear to have lost rather than gained population as a result of evacuation transfers.

SEXES, AGES AND MARITAL CONDITIONS (GREAT BRITAIN) SEXES

When allowance is made for the male classes excluded from the National Register, the males and females of Great Britain may be regarded as numbering 22,370 thousands and 24,189 thousands respectively in 1939. The excess of females thus numbers 1,819 thousands, which amounts to 7.5 per cent. of the female total, and is represented by the ratio of 1,081 females to 1,000 males.

TABLE G. —AREAS OUTSIDE LONDON A.C. SHOWING THE LARGEST PERCENTAGE. DECREASES (-) AND INCREASES, 1931-1939

Area	County	Population			Percentage increase or decrease (-).
		N.R., 1939	R.G.s Estimate, 1938	Census 1931	1938-39	1931-38	1931-39
I. Decreases
England and Wales-
West Ham C B.	Essex	201024	254900	294278	-21.1	-13.4	-31.7
Leyton M.S.	Essex	92467	117200	128313	-21.1	-8.7	-27.9
Tottenham M B.	Middlesex	113871	144400	157667	-21.1	-8.4	-27.8
East Ham C.B.	Essex	103207	129,500	142394	-20.3	-9.1	-27.5
Salford CB,	Lancashire	166386	199400	223438	-16.6	-10.8	-25.5
Aldershot M.B	Southants	25527	36,120	34280	-29.3	5.4	-25.5
Acton M.B.	Middlesex	52197	68.670	70008	-24.0	-1.9	-25.4
Jarrow MD	Durham	26865	30,840	35747	-12.9	-13.7	-24.8
Hartlepool M.B.	Durham	15543	18,120	20638	-14.2	-12.2	-24.7
Hornsey MD. .	Middlesex	72436	96680	95416	-25.1	1.3	-24.1
Willesden M B	Middlesex	142004	787600	185025	-24.3	1.4	-23.3
Brentford and Chiswick M.B.	Middlesex	48595	61470	63217	-20.9	-2.8	-23.1
Barnes M B	Surrey	32952	40960	42440	-20.0	-3.5	-22.4
Walthamstow M.B.	Essex	103552	131800	132972	-20.8	-1.6	-22.1
Portland U D.	Dorset	9483	12240	12019	-22.5	1.8	-21.1
Gillingham M.B.	Kent	48841	70,600	61651	-30.8	14.5	-20.8
Portsmouth C.B.	Southants	199806	258,400	252421	-22.7	2.4	-20.8
Farnborough U.D.	Southants	15560	21,670	19532	-28.2	10.9	-20.3
Richmond R.D.	Yorkshire (N.R.)	14271	18,740	17858	-23.8	4.9	20.1
Penge U.D.	Kent	22274	25,520	27771	-12.7	-8.1	-19.8
Wimbledon M.B.	Surrey	47929	58,680	59515	-18.3	-1.4	-19.5
Wood Green M.B.	Middlesex	43746	53,190	54308	-17.8	-2.1	-19.4
Hepton R.D.	Yorkshire (W.R.)	3928	4,390	4855	-10.5	-9.6	-19.1
Manchester C.B.	Lancashire	621895	732,900	766311	-15.1	-4.4	-18.8
Sheerness U.D.	Kent	13683	16,370	16833	-16.4	-2.7	-18.7
Gateshead C.B.	Durham	101792	117000	124545	-13.0	-6.1	-18.3
Earby U.D.	Yorkshire (W.R.)	4610	4753	5522	3.0	-13.9	-16.5
Birkenhead C.B.	Chester	126664	144400	151513	-12.3	-4.7	-16.4
Dover M.B.	Kent	34617	39950	41281	-13.3	-3.2	-16.1
Kingston-upon-Hull C.B...	Yorkshire (E.R.)	263274	318700	313649	-17.4	1.6	-16.1
Scotland
Findochty	Banff	1515	1712	1675	-11.5	2.2	-9.6
Dundee	Angus	160327	177960	176424	-9.9	0.9	-9.1
Buckie	Banff	7988	8481	8689	-5.8	-2.4	-8.1
Glasgow	Lanark	10100443	1127825	1093337	10.4	3.2	-7.6
Portknokie	Banff	1508	1657	1619	-9.0	2.3	-6.9
Edinburgh	Midlothian	408512	469448	439010	-13.0	6.9	-6.9
Rothes	Moray	1205	1294	1292	-6.9	0.2	-6.7
Cowdenbeath	Fife	11918	12440	12732	-4.2	-2.3	-6.4
Clydebank	Dunbarton	44108	47912	46991	-7.9	2	-6.1
Cromarty	Ross anf Cromarty	786	785	837	0.1	-6.2	-6.1
II. Increases
England and Wales-
Huyton with Roby U.D.	Lancashire	38399	29500	5199	30.2	467.4	638.6
Corby U.D.	Northants	10884	7155	1596	52.1	348.3	582
Ruislip Northwood U.D.	Middlesex	51001	40820	16035	24.9	154.6	218.1
Scalby U.D.	Yorkshire (N.R)	5674	4555	2317	24.6	96.6	144.9
Potters Bar U.D.	Middlesex	13681	12010	5720	13.9	110	139.2
Hayes and Harlington U.D.	Middlesex	54770	43930	22969	24.7	91.3	138.5
Worthing R D.	Sussex West	33108	23640	14005	40.1	68.8	136.4
Chislehurst and Sidcup U.D	Kent	62620	61,750	27156	1.4	127.4	130.6
Bexley M.B.	Kent	73711	77020	32652	-4.3	135.8	125.7
Feltham U.D.	Middlesex	35406	30,450	16066	16.3	89.5	120.4
Solihull U.D .	Warwick	53484	48310	25372	10.7	90.4	110.8
Rickmansworth U.D .	Hertford	24075	18700	11529	28.7	62.2	108.8
Sandwich N.B.	Kent	7652	3913	3687	95.5	6.1	107.5
Hornehurch U.D	Essex	81486	76000	39389	7.2	92.9	106.9
Carshalton U.D	Surrey	57375	58730	28586	-2.3	105.5	100.7
Harrow U.D.	Middlesex	187591	183500	96656	2.2	89.8	94.1
Welwyn Garden City U.D.	Hertford	16728	12150	8712	37.7	39.5	92
Cranbrook R.D.	Kent	24807	13250	12927	87.2	2.5	91.9
Orpington U.D.	Kent	49500	46320	25858	6.9	79.1	91.4
Haltemprice U.D	Yorkshire (E.R)	31958	28230	16757	13.2	68.5	90.7
Droylsden U.D	Lancashire	25279	23710	13340	6.6	77.7	89.5
Southwick U.D.	Sussex West	11389	9532	6138	19.5	55.3	85.5
Wirral U.D.	Chester	17640	12660	9599	39.3	31.9	83.8
Hatfeld R.D.	Hertford	20677	16500	11253	25.3	46.6	83.7
East Barnet U.D.	Hertford	33594	32830	18549	2.3	77	81.1
Epsom and Ewell M.B.	Surrey	63228	59930	35231	5.5	70.1	79.5
Ledbury R.D.	Hereford	15491	8195	8707	89.0	-5.9	77.9
Canvey Island U.D.	Essex	6248	6579	3532	-5.0	86.3	76.9
Tonbridge R.D.	Kent	31609	19240	18063	64.3	6.5	75
Cheadle and Gatley U.D.	Chester	32245	26220	18535	23.0	41.5	74
Scotland-
Whitburn	West Lothian	4221	4081	2440	3.4	67.3	73
Largs	Ayr	9715	6129	6134	58.5	-0.1	58.4
Millport	Bute	3147	1508	2083	108.7	-27.6	51.1
Moffat	Dumfries	2857	1990	2006	43.6	-0.8	42.4
New Galloway	Kirkcudbright	430	314	307	36.9	2.3	40.1
Prestwick	Ayr	11693	9692	8538	20.6	13.5	37
Alyth	Perth	2244	1807	1662	24.2	8.7	35
Penicuik	Midlothian	4755	4222	3632	12.6	16.2	30.9
Dunoon	Argyll	11478	7902	8780	45.2	-10.0	30.7
Kingussie	Inverness	1394	981	1067	42.1	-8.1	30.6

Comparison with the femininity proportions at previous censuses of Great Britain Iron, 1841 is as follows: —

Year Females per	1,000 males	Year	Females per 1,000 males
1841	1,055	1901	1,067
1851	1,050	1911	1,067
1861	1,060	1921	1,094
1871	1,059	1931	1,087
1881	1,058	1939	1,081
1891	1,064

Prior to 1911, the change in proportions was irregular but with a rising tendency on the whole, and this was followed by a jump in 1921 which was much greater than the whole of the previous changes recorded in the table and was a direct consequence of the losses of men in the 1914-18 war. Since 1921 the maximum has been slightly abated by the high masculinity of the subsequent births but the proportion is still outstandingly higher than that of any period prior to 1921.

The excess does not affect all ages alike; and a more informative picture of its incidence and recent changes is given by the following illustrative table in which the 1939 proportions of England and Wales comprising 89.2 per cent of the total population of Great Britain, and based upon population age estimates obtained in a manner to be described later, are set out in comparison with those of the censuses of 1921 and 1931.

TABLE H. —FEMALES PER 1,000 MALES, BY AGE. ENGLAND AND WALES.

Age	Females per 1,000 Males in each age group			Numerical Excess of Females (thousands)
	1921	1931	1939	1921	1931	1939
All ages	1096	1088	1080	1736	1686	1604
0-5	976	980	960	-41	-30	-58
5-10	992	980	976	-15	-33	-35
10-15	992	980	989	-14	-33	-17
15-20	1027	1009	997	47	15	-5
20-25	1176	1056	1009	255	96	13
25-30	1209	1061	1032	280	99	54
30-35	1186	1132	1036	238	189	61
35-40	1156	1185	1048	199	237	76
40-45	1127	1167	1177	155	205	233
45-50	1071	1152	1178	82	180	219
50-55	1074	1133	1170	72	149	195
55-60	1086	1095	1174	67	94	183
60-65	1133	1130	1166	80	101	152
65-70	1196	1199	1188	88	115	135
70-75	1342	1311	1282	96	118	136
75-80	1472	1451	1481	75	92	124
80-85	1687	1700	1775	46	58	86
85 and over	2040	2143	2275	26	35	51

In the main, the 1939 proportions exhibit the characteristics which have always attended this type of record, namely, an excess of males at the youngest ages, due to the preponderance of males at birth, which is gradually reduced as a result of the higher mortality experienced by that sex to a position of equality with the females at or about the ages of adolescence, and is then converted to female excess with a. progressively increasing tendency thereafter up to the end of life. But, besides the more fundamental features, the records contain evidence of other influences of less regular character. The most notable is the abrupt augmentation of the female excess in the 1939 series between the ages of 40 and 60; it corresponds to similar excesses between 30 and 50 in 1931 and between 20 and 40 in 1921, and is obviously a reflection of the losses of men in the 1914-18 war.

This must remain a feature of the population record, at advancing ages, until the whole of that war generation has passed away. Another factor which has influenced recent records ia this series is the rise which occurred in the masculinity of the birth rate immediately after the last war, and the higher level at which it has been maintained ever since. The result of this has been that the male excess at the youngest ages commences at a higher figure and extends to a later age than it did formerly, a transposition which has been assisted also by the simultaneous diminution that has taken place in infant and child mortality.

Males are in excess of females at ages up to 15 by 110 thousands as compared with 96 thousands in_ 1931 and 70 thousands in 1921, while in the age group 15-20, where females were in excess in the past, males are now shown as predominating by a small majority.

A more significant change is that recorded for the age group 20-30, the period at which the bulk of marriages occur. In 1921 females outnumbered males by more than half a million in this group, but by 1931 the excess was reduced to less than 200 thousands and is now only 67 thousands, yielding a proportion of 1,021 females per 1,000 males as compared with a proportion of 1,113 in 1911 prior to the last war.

It is necessary, to add that the excesses and proportions at the young adult age periods in 1939 are 'Subject to possible error in that they depend upon the estimated additions made- to the male population in respect of the classes excluded from National Registration.

The cumulative effect of differential mortality between the sexes produces its maximum impression at the more advanced ages where there is a rapid accelera¨tion of the female preponderance, the proportions rising rapidly after age 70 and reaching the ratio of more than two females to one male in the final age group shown in the table.'

AGES

Compared with the type of age analysis that is usually associated with a census record prepared in a central statistical office with access to tabulating Machinery, the age statistics available from the National Register enumeration will be found to be restricted in scope and presented in a somewhat unfamiliar form. The original analysis in this case was performed, not by the staffs of the Registrars. General, but by the district enumerators, and the contribution of the central offices was limited to aggregating the separate enumeration analyses up to Towns, Country Districts, Counties, etc. This procedure had the advantage of accelerating the production of the record by spreading the work over the 65,000 enumeration staff, but it carried with it the drawback that the said staff were quite inexperienced in statistical operations and that, to be successful, the number of groups to be identified in the analysis had to be restricted within the narrowest practicable limits. Again, the householders schedule, on which the information was originally recorded, required a statement of each person's date of birth and not his age as has been customary at a census ; this involved the further innovation of conditioning the age groups to calendar years of birth rather than risk the error and confusion that would have been bound to arise if the enumerator had been asked to go through the mental process of translating each date of birth into current age. In consequence of these procedure restrictions, the number of groups identified throughout the published tables is limited to nine in respect of each sex and being calendar year of birth groups, they do not correspond with integral years of age owing to the fact that the enumeration took place at the end of the third quarter of 1939.

Both the year of birth groups and the corresponding ages as at date of enumeration are shown in the following table which sets out the aggregated records for Great Britain as a whole and for each of its national constituents.

The effect of the exclusion from the National Register populations of members of the Armed Forces is brought out in the age table by the shortage of males in ï comparison with females which is suddenly developed in the age group l4Fl94. This deficiency should reach the maximum of its incidence in the next group and thereafter diminish to negligible proportions after about age 45. Its disappearance cannot however be detected from the comparative figures of the table, for before that point is I cached it is masked by the more normal excess of females which begins to be apparent at the adult ages, owing to the lower mortality and therefore the hither rate of survivorship experienced by that sex, and which increases with advancing age throughout the remainder of life.

TABLE J. —P0FULATIONS IN AGE. GRUPS, GREAT BRITAIN.

Year of Birth	Age at 29 September, 1939	Great Britain		England and Wales		Scotland
		Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
Numbers (in thousands)
Total	All Ages	21370	24189	19074	21578	2296	2611
1935-	4 ¾	1590	1529	1394	1339	196	191
1925-34	4 ¾ - 14 ¾	3355	3295	2941	2888	414	407
1920-24	14 ¾ - 19 ¾	1810	2005	1602	1771	207	234
1915-19	19 ¾ - 23 ¾	1351	1710	1205	1519	146	191
1905-14	24 ¾ - 34 ¾	3490	3944	3136	3530	354	414
1895-04	34 ¾ - 44 ¾	3121	3589	2809	3222	311	367
1885-94	44 ¾ - 54 ¾	2614	3112	2358	2803	255	308
1875-84	54 ¾ - 64 ¾	2196	2569	1976	2316	220	253
-74	64 ¾	1845	2436	1653	2190	192	246
Age Proportions per 1,000 of each sex
Total	All Ages	1000	1000	1000	1000	1000	1000
1935-	4 ¾	74	63	73	62	85	73
1925-34	4 ¾ - 14 ¾	157	136	154	134	180	156
1920-24	14 ¾ - 19 ¾	85	83	84	82	90	90
1915-19	19 ¾ - 23 ¾	63	71	63	70	64	73
1905-14	24 ¾ - 34 ¾	164	163	164	164	155	158
1895-04	34 ¾ - 44 ¾	146	148	147	149	135	141
1885-94	44 ¾ - 54 ¾	122	129	124	130	111	118
1875-84	54 ¾ - 64 ¾	103	106	104	107	96	97
-74	64 ¾	86	101	87	102	84	94

From the lower half of the table, in which the distributions are set out in the form of age proportions per 1,000 total of each sex, it may be gathered that in Scotland the population is younger on average than in England and Wales. For many years the decremental forces both of mortality and migration have been higher in the north with the consequence that the proportional representation tends to be higher at the ages of infancy and childhood and lower at the later years of life.

Corresponding proportionate distributions of tire male and female population of geographical regions of Great Britain, based on the age analyses of Table 11, are summarised in the following table.

As with the national proportions, these distributions reflect in an aggregated Iona the combined effect of the forces of fertility, mortality and migration to which the areas have been subject over the whole of the life time of the existing popula¨tions. The differential incidence of the controlling factors has, as a rule, been sufficiently consistent and continuous to impart to the several regional distributions characteristics matures which have persisted over many decades. But the con¨tinuity has been interrupted on the present occasion by the exceptional evacuation movements of recent weeks which bear no resemblance to normal migration either in quantity, direction or age incidence. The bulk transfer has been mainly that of children of the school age group but it extends also to younger infants as well; and it is marked in the table by significant depressions in the sending regions and corresponding augmentation in the reception areas at the two youngest age periods directly affected, accompanied by consequential increases and decreases in the respective proportions in the later age groups.

TABLE K. —AGE PROPORTIONS PER 1,000 POPULATION OF EACH SEX. REGIONS.

Age at 29 Sept., 1939	Regions-Eng and and Wales												Regions-Scotland
	Greater London	S.E. Remr.	North 1	North 2	North 3	North 4	Midland 1	Midland 2	East	South West	Wales 1	Wales 2	Northern	East Central	West Central	Southern
Total Population (in thousands)
Male	3,410	2,883	1,020	621	1,614	2,789	2,333	1,208	930	1,030	886	351	466	601	1,107	122
Female	3,768	3,513	1,089	696	1,794	3,226	2,547	1,321	1,025	1,267	929	402	564	693	1,208	146
Age Proportions per 1,000 of each sex
Male	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000
4 ¾	57	80	80	81	72	73	77	74	76	78	77	78	90	81	86	87
4 ¾ - 14 ¾	90	190	166	189	148	146	158	169	191	180	168	200	216	169	169	217
14 ¾ - 19 ¾	88	76	95	85	85	84	87	85	80	75	88	79	82	92	94	79
19 ¾ - 24 ¾	73	54	64	58	64	62	70	64	57	50	63	56	50	63	71	51
24 ¾ - 34 ¾	200	149	150	148	163	164	171	162	146	142	149	139	134	158	162	136
34 ¾ - 44 ¾	167	134	142	136	153	152	147	148	132	136	145	131	123	140	139	126
44 ¾ - 54 ¾	136	116	122	115	127	130	117	118	114	122	127	113	103	115	113	106
54 ¾ - 64 ¾	108	102	102	101	107	107	95	98	102	108	102	103	95	99	94	100
64 ¾	81	99	79	87	81	82	78	82	102	109	81	101	107	83	72	98
Female	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000
4 ¾	49	63	72	70	62	61	67	66	66	61	70	65	72	68	77	70
4 ¾ - 14 ¾	79	152	152	165	132	126	143	151	166	145	158	169	173	142	153	177
14 ¾ - 19 ¾	85	74	93	85	84	82	86	83	79	74	89	75	80	91	95	76
19 ¾ - 23 ¾	81	64	73	67	71	70	74	70	64	60	71	61	61	74	80	59
24 ¾ - 34 ¾	185	157	156	153	163	164	166	163	151	151	158	145	146	162	163	146
34 ¾ - 44 ¾	164	140	146	140	154	153	147	150	136	142	148	140	134	143	143	136
44 ¾ - 54 ¾	143	124	126	121	132	136	123	125	120	127	126	120	112	122	119	119
54 ¾ - 64 ¾	113	108	100	103	109	113	100	100	104	111	97	109	101	101	92	105
64 ¾	101	118	82	96	93	95	94	92	114	129	83	116	121	97	78	112

As has already been made clear the only age records directly available from the National Register enumeration itself are those of the nine irregular age periods in which the statistics are presented in Tables II to IV of this volume and in the summaries of Tables J and K. Age periods involving fractions of a year of age however are not convenient for general reference or for ready comparison with census and other records which follow the more conventional type of quinquennial grouping 0-5, 5-10, etc., and it will often be of advantage to he able to subdivide or transform the nine standard groups, at any rate of the larger and more important populations, even at the risk of introducing an element of approximation in the resulting distribution. Means for this purpose are available in the information bearing on the age structure of the population which already exists from other sources, and for illustrative purposes use was made of the material found in the records of England and Wales, in respect of which estimates of the age distribution of the population are published each year in the Registrar-General's Statistical Review. As explained in those publications, the successive estimates since 1931 have been built up year by 3-ear from the census of 1931 by a survivorship process which, in relation to each year's operations, may be briefly described as (1) obtaining the year's deaths arising from the population at each age at the beginning of the year and treating the survivors as the population at the next higher age at the end of the year (2) com¨pleting the table by the addition of the population aged 0-1 at the end of the year, represented by the survivors at that date of the births which occurred in the year and (3) adjusting the result of the first two operations in respect of migrants with such age statistics as are available in respect of them. Of the elements entering into this computation, the record of births is believed to be precise and complete while that of deaths is complete in numbers and, though possibly subject to occasional age mis-statement, is probably no less reliable in that respect than that of a census enumeration. In the age assignment of migrants, there is more room for error; but the movement is known to be associated predominantly with the younger adult section of the community and with the aid of the partial age records published in respect of migrants by the Board of Trade, the error will have been kept within fairly narrow limits.

The survivorship process thus described has been carried forward to the 29th September, 1939, the date of the National Register enumeration, and an independ¨ently estimated age distribution of the population by individual years of age is thus available which is comparable in point of time with the group distribution derived from the National Register. The successive steps in the process of assimi¨lating the survivorship estimates to the National Register age group totals are set out in Table L.

The estimates as originally derived by survivorship from the 1931 census and subsequent births are shown in quinquennial groups of age in column 2. In the case of females, the estimates are comparable with the National Registration returns without further adjustment ; but in respect of males they have first to be modified so as to exclude the non-civilian and shipping population excepted from National Registration The total of 900 thousands already assigned for these classes in England and Wales has therefore been distributed by age on the basis of such age records as ale available in respect of them (including a specific allowance for men called up under the Military Training Act of 1939) and deducted from the figures in the male section of column 2. The diminished estimates, which are now com¨parable with the National Register figures, are shown both by quinquennial age groups and by the National Register age groups in column 3.

The haste age totals yielded by the National Register enumeration are shown in column 4, and the differences between estimates and enumerated are set out in numerical and percentage form in the upper sections of columns 5 and 6. From the latter it can be inferred that the true age distribution is reproduced with little error Over the bulk of its range by the survivorship estimates, and in this sense repeats the experience which has been gained from similar comparisons between estimated and enumerated at past censuses.

The trend of the differences is generally similar for each of the sexes. To what extent they have arisen through imperfections in the method of estimation and how far through original mis-statements of age by members of the public either at death or at enumeration it is impossible to test with the limited data available.

TABLE L. —ENGLAND AND WALES: DISTRIBUTION OF N.R. POPULATION BY QUINQUENNIAL GROUPS OF AGE.
(number in thousands)

Age group	Survivorship Estimate as at 29 September, 1939		National Register Population
	Total	Total Exclusive of male classes excepted from N.R.	As Enumerated	Excess or deficiency (-) of estimate over enumerated (3) - (4)		Approximate distribution in quinquennial age groups
				Amount	Percentage of enumerated	Numbers (3) - (5)	Percentage of N.R. age group
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
MALES
All ages	19,974	19,074	19,074	-	-	19,074
N.R. Age Groups
0 - 4 ¾	-	1,394	1,394	0	0	-	-
4 ¾ - 14 ¾	-	2,978	2,941	37	1.3	-	-
14 ¾ - 19 ¾	-	1,620	1,602	18	1.1	-	-
19 ¾ - 23 ¾	-	1,180	1,205	-25	-2.1	-	-
24 ¾ - 34 ¾	-	3,069	3,136	-67	-2.1	-	-
34 ¾ - 44 ¾	-	2,850	2,809	41	1.5	-	-
44 ¾ - 54 ¾	-	2,356	2,358	-2	-0.1	-	-
54 ¾ - 64 ¾	-	1,984	1,976	8	0.4	-	-
64 ¾	-	1,643	1,653	-10	-0.6	-	-
Quinquennial Age Groups
0-5	1,465	1,465	-	0	-	1,465	105.1	per cent. Of N.R. group	0 - 4 ¾
5-10	1,444	1,444	-	15	-	1,429	48.5	per cent. Of N.R. group	4 ¾ - 14 ¾
10-15	1,545	1,544	-	23	-	1,521	51.7	per cent. Of N.R. group	4 ¾ - 14 ¾
15-20	1,821	1,629	-	16	-	1,613	100.6	per cent. Of N.R. group	14 ¾ - 19 ¾
20-25	1,457	1,164	-	-27	-	1,191	98.8	per cent. Of N.R. group	19 ¾ - 23 ¾
25-30	1,671	1,508	-	-39	-	1,547	49.3	per cent. Of N.R. group	24 ¾ - 34 ¾
30-35	1,680	1,566	-	-26	-	1,592	50.8	per cent. Of N.R. group	24 ¾ - 34 ¾
35-40	1,607	1,546	-	20	-	1,526	54.3	per cent. Of N.R. group	34 ¾ - 44 ¾
40-45	1,336	1,288	-	22	-	1,266	45.1	per cent. Of N.R. group	34 ¾ - 44 ¾
45-50	1,230	1,208	-	2	-	1,206	51.1	per cent. Of N.R. group	44 ¾ - 54 ¾
50-55	1,145	1,141	-	-5	-	1,146	48.6	per cent. Of N.R. group	44 ¾ - 54 ¾
55-60	1,052	1,050	-	1	-	1,049	53.1	per cent. Of N.R. group	54 ¾ - 64 ¾
60-65	921	921	-	7	-	914	46.3	per cent. Of N.R. group	54 ¾ - 64 ¾
65-70	715	715	-	-3	-	718	43.4	per cent. Of N.R. group	64 ¾
70-75	476	476	-	-6	-	482	29.2	per cent. Of N.R. group	64 ¾
75-80	258	258	-	0	-	258	15.6	per cent. Of N.R. group	64 ¾
80-85	111	111	-	0	-	111	6.7	per cent. Of N.R. group	64 ¾
85 and over	40	40	-	0	-	40	2.4	per cent. Of N.R. group	64 ¾
	0	0	0			0
FEMALES
All ages	21,578		21,578	-	-	21,578	-
N.R. Age Groups
0 - 4 ¾	1,343		1,339	4	0.3	-	-
4 ¾ - 14 ¾	2,912		2,888	24	0.8	-	-
14 ¾ - 19 ¾	1,760		1,771	-11	-0.6	-	-
19 ¾ - 23 ¾	1,484		1,519	-35	-2.3	-	-
24 ¾ - 34 ¾	3,490		3,530	-40	-1.1	-	-
34 ¾ - 44 ¾	3,261		3,222	39	1.2	-	-
44 ¾ - 54 ¾	2,832		2,803	29	1.0	-	-
54 ¾ - 64 ¾	2,349		2,316	33	1.4	-	-
64 ¾	2,147		2,190	-43	-2.0	-	-
Quinquennial Age Groups
0-5	1,411		-	4	-	1,407	105.1	per cent. Of N.R. group	0 - 4 ¾
5-10	1,406		-	12	-	1,394	48.3	per cent. Of N.R. group	4 ¾ - 14 ¾
10-15	1,516		-	11	-	1,505	52.1	per cent. Of N.R. group	4 ¾ - 14 ¾
15-20	1,786		-	-13	-	1,799	101.6	per cent. Of N.R. group	14 ¾ - 19 ¾
20-25	1,462		-	-35	-	1,497	98.6	per cent. Of N.R. group	19 ¾ - 23 ¾
25-30	1,736		-	-29	-	1,765	50.0	per cent. Of N.R. group	24 ¾ - 34 ¾
30-35	1,757		-	-10	-	1,767	50.0	per cent. Of N.R. group	24 ¾ - 34 ¾
35-40	1,683		-	19	-	1,664	51.6	per cent. Of N.R. group	34 ¾ - 44 ¾
40-45	1,568		-	22	-	1,546	48.0	per cent. Of N.R. group	34 ¾ - 44 ¾
45-50	1,462		-	15	-	1,447	51.6	per cent. Of N.R. group	44 ¾ - 54 ¾
50-55	1,360		-	14	-	1,346	48.0	per cent. Of N.R. group	44 ¾ - 54 ¾
55-60	1,251		-	17	-	1,234	53.3	per cent. Of N.R. group	54 ¾ - 64 ¾
60-65	1,082		-	16	-	1,066	46.0	per cent. Of N.R. group	54 ¾ - 64 ¾
65-70	849		-	-4	-	853	38.9	per cent. Of N.R. group	64 ¾
70-75	607		-	-11	-	618	28.2	per cent. Of N.R. group	64 ¾
75-80	373		-	-9	-	382	17.4	per cent. Of N.R. group	64 ¾
80-85	188		-	-9	-	197	9.0	per cent. Of N.R. group	64 ¾
85 and over	81		-	-10	-	91	4.2	per cent. Of N.R. group	64 ¾

It is sufficient to observe that they are nowhere large and can therefore be trans¨formed to quinquennial groups of age without risk of material error. This has been clone by graphically distributing the basic differences in the upper portions of column 5 over individual years of age and reaggregating the units into quinquennial groups which are set out in the lower portions of column 5. Deducting the latter from the survivorship estimates of column 3, a population distribution by quin¨quennial groups of age is finally reached (col. 7) which conforms to the National Register distribution and at the same time preserves the known characteristics of the population structure and may therefore be confidently accepted as a close approximation to the actual distribution in 1939.

The transformation, as set out above, in strictness applies only to the population of England and Wales as a whole; and the same or equally satisfactory alternative methods should be used in respect of other populations whose characteristics are known. [n their absence, first approximations to the required quinquennial distributions will usually be obtainable by the use of the percentages shown in column 8 of the tablet and these should he sufficient for most purposes for which figures ;ire likely to be required.

MARITAL CONDITION

In Table 11 are set out analyses by sex, age and marital condition of the National Register populations of England and Wales, Scotland and the Isle of Man and of their constituent regions, density aggregates, counties and large towns. In connection with these analyses, the reader must be reminded once again that, compared with similar census analyses, the males are on this occasion deficient in respect of non-civilians and shipping population excluded from the National Register. In discussing total populations and also the age incidence it has been possible, by reference to other sources of vinformation, to indicate the effect these exclusions have had on the resulting figures but the information available does not extend to the marital status of the excluded classes. No adjustments in this direction are therefore possible, to the detriment, in consequence, of comparisons that might ether wise have been made between the respective marital distributions of males and females or between that of males in 1939 and the similar distributions at past censuses.

In the whole of Great Britain and the Isle of Man, of the total 21,393 thousand males enumerated, 10,203 or 47.7 per cent. were single, 10,299 (48.1 per cent.) married and the balance of 891 (4.2 per cent.) widowed or divorced ; similarly of the total 24,217 thousand females enumerated, 11,178 or 46-2 per cent. were single, 10,778 (44.5 per cent.) married and 2,261 (9.3 per cent.) widowed or divorced.

In Great Britain alone, the numbers were of course fractionally less; they are summarised by age groups in Table M and compared there with the similar distribu¨tion of the 1931 census record.

From this table it will be observed that, in the eight years between 1931 and 1939, with an increase in the total female population of 3.7 per cent., the un¨married have declined by 5.7 per cent., simultaneously with increases between two and three times as large in both the married and widowed sections, viz. 13.4 and 12.5 per cent. respectively.

The whole of the reduction in the unmarried is located at the younger ages ; and there is also a small decline in the numbers of widows in the earlier part of the age field, though t his is more than counteracted by much greater increases at the later periods of life. The numbers of married, by way of contrast, exhibit considerable growth over all age periods; and it is of interest to note that in respect of the child¨bearing period in particular, the married are not only more numerous by over 700,000 than they were in 1931, but that in regard to its incidence the rise is relatively highest at the earliest ages where it may accordingly be expected to exercise a greater influence on the ensuing birthrate.

TABLE M. —SEX, AGE AND MARITAL CONDITION DISTRIBUTION—GREAT BRITAIN NATIONAL REGISTER, 1939.

Age	Males				Females
	Total	Single	Married	Widowed and Divorced	Total	Single	Married	Widowed and Divorced
(a ) Population in thousands
All ages	21,370	10,191	10,289	890	24,189	11,164	10,767	2,257
Under 14 ¾	4,945	4,945	-	-	4,824	4,824	-	-
14 ¾ - 19 ¾	1,810	1,800	10	-	2,005	1,952	53	-
19 ¾ - 24 ¾	1,351	1,134	216	1	1,710	1,156	551	3
24 ¾ - 34 ¾	3,490	1,214	2,255	20	3,944	1,170	2,737	38
34 ¾ - 44 ¾	3,121	441	2,625	54	3,589	702	2,749	139
44 ¾ - 54 ¾	2,614	259	2,252	103	3,112	533	2,234	345
54 ¾ - 64 ¾	2,196	224	1,768	204	2,569	415	1,579	575
Over 64 ¾	1,845	174	1,162	508	2,436	412	864	1,159
(b ) Increase or Decrease (—) in thousands, 1931-39
All ages	-88	-1075	925	63	853	-673	1275	250
Under 14 ¾	-434	-434	-	-	-449	-449	-	-
14 ¾ - 19 ¾	-109	-114	5	-	73	50	22	-
19 ¾ - 24 ¾	-557	-539	-18	0	-300	-376	76	1
24 ¾ - 34 ¾	59	-75	138	-5	192	-135	335	-6
34 ¾ - 44 ¾	322	69	255	-3	294	41	288	-34
44 ¾ - 54 ¾	50	-33	94	-11	180	37	133	10
54 ¾ - 64 ¾	202	9	192	1	364	59	217	88
Over 64 ¾	381	41	259	80	499	101	204	193
(c ) Increase or Decrease (—) per cent., 1931-39
All ages	-0.4	-9.5	9.9	7.6	3.7	-5.7	13.4	12.5
Under 14 ¾	-8.1	-8.1	-	-	-8.5	-8.5	-	-
14 ¾ - 19 ¾	-5.7	-6	100	-	3.8	2.6	71	-
19 ¾ - 24 ¾	-29.2	-32.2	-7.7	0	-14.9	-24.5	16	50
24 ¾ - 34 ¾	1.7	-5.8	6.5	-20	5 .1	-10.3	13.9	-13.6
34 ¾ - 44 ¾	11.5	18.6	10.8	-5.3	8.9	6.2	11.7	-19.7
44 ¾ - 54 ¾	2	-11.3	4.4	-9.7	6.1	7.5	6.3	3
54 ¾ - 64 ¾	10.1	4.2	12.2	0.5	16.5	16.6	15.9	18.1
Over 64 ¾	26	30.8	28.7	18.7	25.8	32.5	30.9	20

The change in the incidence of the marital classes has been due partly to the general ageing of the population (that is to say, to the relatively heavier increases in the population at the later years of active adult life where the proportions of married are normally at their Ugliest), and partly to the continuous and considerable increases in the frequencies o new marriages at practically all ages which hate been a feature of recent years The effect of the latter is clearly seen in the com¨parative figures of 1921-1939 shown for Great Britain in Table N which sets out the proportionate distributions per 1,000 total female population in each case and in Table 0 which shows the proportions of women married in each age group.

The rate of marrying amongst women is at its maximum between 20 and 25; and it will be seen that, of the 1939 population in this group 32-2 per cent. were returned as married, a proportion nearly a half as much again as the corresponding percentage of 1931 (23.7 per cent.). The relative increase in percentage married is even more marked at ages below 20 ; and though it diminishes after 25 it is still of moment up to age 45, a situation which could only have been brought about by a material increase in the numbers of new marriages. If the proportions of married in each age group had remained the same as they were in 1931, the total number of married women in 1939 would have amounted to 10,292 thousands instead of the 10,767 thousands enumerated. So that it may be said that of the total 1931-39 increase of one and a quarter millions in the number of married women in Great Britain, nearly two-thirds is due to the general advance in the age of the population and rather more than one-third to the increase in the marriage rates of the intervening period.

TABLE N. —AGE AND MARITAL CONDITION DISTRIBUTION OF FEMALES PER 1,000 TOTAL FEMALE POPULATION IN EACH AREA

		All Ages	Age
			Under 14 ¾	14 ¾ - 19 ¾	19 ¾ - 24 ¾	24 ¾ - 34 ¾	34 ¾ - 44 ¾	44 ¾ - 54 ¾	54 ¾ - 64 ¾	Over 64 ¾
Great Britain, 1939	S	462	200	81	48	48	29	22	17	17
	M	445	-	2	23	113	114	92	65	36
	W. & D.	93	-	0	0	2	6	14	24	47
Great Britain, 1931	S	507	226	82	66	56	28	21	15	13
	M	407	-	1	20	103	106	90	59	28
	W. & D.	86	-	-	0	2	7	14	21	42
Great Britain, 1921	S	541	261	89	65	56	28	20	12	10
	M	377	-	1	22	97	105	83	47	22
	W. & D.	82	-	-	0	5	9	13	19	36
England and Wales, 1939	S	453	195	80	47	47	28	22	17	17
	M	453	-	2	23	115	115	94	67	37
	W. & D.	94	-	0	0	2	6	14	24	48
Regions of England and Wales, 1939-
Greater London	S	422	128	83	56	61	35	25	17	17
	M	476	-	2	24	122	122	102	69	35
	W. & D.	102	-	0	0	2	7	17	27	49
Remainder of South East	S	471	215	72	42	44	28	25	21	24
	M	435	-	2	22	110	107	87	65	42
	W. & D.	94	-	0	0	1	5	13	22	53
North I	S	461	226	90	48	40	22	15	11	9
	M	451	-	2	25	114	118	96	65	31
	W. & D.	88	-	0	0	2	6	15	23	42
North II	S	484	234	82	45	43	26	21	17	16
	M	426	-	2	23	109	108	87	63	34
	W. & D.	90	-	0	0	2	5	14	23	46
North III	S	440	193	82	47	44	27	20	15	12
	M	467	-	2	24	118	122	98	69	34
	W. & D.	93	-	0	0	2	6	14	25	46
North IV	S	454	187	80	49	51	31	23	18	15
	M	447	-	2	20	111	116	97	68	33
	W. & D.	99	-	0	0	2	6	16	27	48
Midland I	S	456	210	84	48	43	25	18	14	14
	M	456	-	2	25	121	117	92	64	35
	W. & D.	88	-	0	0	1	5	13	23	46
Midland II	S	450	217	81	45	40	24	18	13	12
	M	467	-	2	25	122	120	94	67	37
	W. & D.	83	-	0	0	1	5	12	21	44
East	S	464	232	76	41	39	24	19	16	17
	M	448	-	2	23	110	108	90	69	46
	W. & D.	88	-	0	0	1	4	12	20	51
South West	S	460	205	72	40	42	28	25	22	26
	M	439	-	2	20	107	108	90	67	45
	W. & D.	101	-	0	0	1	5	13	23	59
Wales I	S	456	229	86	45	41	22	15	10	8
	M	456	-	3	26	115	119	97	64	32
	W. & D.	88	-	0	0	2	6	14	23	43
Wales II	S	503	234	73	44	50	32	25	22	23
	M	398	-	2	17	93	103	82	63	38
	W. & D.	99	-	0	0	2	5	13	24	55
Density Aggregates of England and Wales, 1939 (outside Greater London)-
All County Boroughs	S	450	187	85	50	48	28	21	16	15
	M	450	-	2	23	113	116	96	66	34
	W. & D.	100	-	0	0	2	6	16	27	49
All Municipal Boroughs and Urban Districts	S	460	212	78	44	43	27	21	17	18
	M	449	-	2	23	115	114	92	66	37
	W. & D.	91	-	0	0	1	5	13	23	49
All Rural Districts	S	475	243	71	39	40	26	21	17	18
	M	442	-	2	22	112	110	88	66	42
	W. & D.	83	-	0	0	1	4	11	19	48
Scotland, 1939	S	531	228	87	53	60	35	26	21	21
	M	382	-	2	20	97	100	79	55	29
	W. & D.	87	-	0	0	2	6	13	22	44
Regions of Scotland, 1939-
Northern	S	553	245	78	44	58	38	30	27	33
	M	355	-	2	16	87	92	70	53	35
	W. & D.	92	-	0	0	1	5	12	21	53
East Central	S	515	211	88	53	59	36	26	21	21
	M	395	-	2	21	101	101	82	57	31
	W. & D.	90	-	0	0	2	6	14	23	45
West Central	S	528	230	92	58	61	34	23	16	14
	M	389	-	3	22	101	103	82	53	25
	W. & D.	83	-	0	0	2	6	14	22	39
Southern	S	545	248	74	42	53	36	32	29	31
	M	369	-	2	16	92	96	74	56	33
	W. & D.	86	-	-	0	1	5	12	20	48
Density Aggregates of Scotland, 1939-
Large Burghs	S	519	204	94	58	64	37	26	19	17
	M	390	-	3	22	100	101	82	55	27
	W. & D.	91	-	0	0	2	7	16	24	42
Small Burghs	S	534	237	80	46	56	35	28	24	28
	M	374	-	2	19	96	96	75	54	32
	W. & D.	92	-	0	0	1	5	13	22	51
Landward	S	550	266	81	47	54	33	25	21	23
	M	373	-	2	18	94	96	76	55	32
	W. & D.	77	-	0	0	1	5	10	18	43
Isle of Man, 1939	S	496	182	69	47	59	43	35	30	31
	M	390	-	1	12	88	101	83	64	41
	W. & D.	114	-	-	0	1	6	15	27	65

TABLE O. —PROPORTION OF FEMALES MARRIED PER 1,000 FEMALES IN EACH AGE GROUP, 1939.

	All Ages over 14 ¾	Age.
		14 ¾ - 19 ¾	19 ¾ - 24 ¾	24 ¾ - 34 ¾	34 ¾ - 44 ¾	44 ¾ - 54 ¾	54 ¾ - 64 ¾	Over 64 ¾
Great Britain, 1939	556	26	322	694	766	718	615	355
Great Britain, 1931	526	16	237	640	747	717	618	341
Great Britain, 1921	511	15	249	615	739	717	598	325
England and Wales, 1939	563	26	328	703	773	724	620	360
Regions of England and Wales, 1939-
Greater London	546	25	302	661	745	710	608	345
Remainder of South East	554	29	344	709	761	699	600	352
North I	582	26	343	731	806	761	653	377
North II	556	27	334	712	776	717	610	355
North III	580	26	342	722	790	741	637	368
North IV	550	21	294	681	758	710	601	345
Midland I	578	26	345	731	796	744	639	372
Midland II	596	26	356	744	804	757	665	399
East	583	31	359	733	793	746	66o	400
South West	553	28	335	711	766	705	602	348
Wales I	592	33	36o	729	8o8	772	663	385
Wales II	520	22	276	644	735	683	578	330
Density Aggregates of England and Wales, 1939 (outside Greater London)-
All County Boroughs	554	25	317	696	771	721	610	347
All Municipal Boroughs and Urban Districts	570	27	343	722	783	728	624	359
All Rural Districts	583	28	352	728	786	735	645	391
Scotland, 1939	495	26	275	614	707	667	563	311
Regions of Scotland, 1939-
Northern	471	25	27o	595	68o	627	531	291
East Central	501	26	279	623	709	671	567	316
West Central	504	27	274	615	719	688	582	325
Southern	490	25	279	629	702	628	533	293
Density Aggregates of Scotland, 1939-
Large Burghs	490	27	271	602	702	666	558	307
Small Burghs	491	24	286	629	703	646	541	293
Landward	509	26	278	627	720	681	586	329
Isle of Man, 1939	477	20	209	594	671	623	525	301

The proportions married in successive age groups increase yin I1 advancing air up to the 35-45 group, the new marriages during the (-tidier adult years Leila: in excess of those terminated by the death of either partner. After 45 the terminations gain the ascendancy with a consequent diminution in the married section which continues thereafter throughout the remainder of life. It will be observed t hat the married frequency is at a maximum in the 35-45 groups with continuously descending proportions on either side for every one of the areas identified in Table O.

The most notable contrast exhibited in Table O is that disclosed by Hat frequencies in England and Wales as compared with those in Scotland or in the Isle of Man. Whereas in England and Wales 5G3 per thousand of the women over 142 years of age are married, in Scotland the proportion is as low as 495 per thousand. And as between the several subdivisions of the two countries, the highest of the Si (AEA proportions (504 per thousand in the West Central region) is well below the lowest in England and Wales, viz. 520 per thousand in North and Central Wales (W2). Here again the differences are due to a combination of the same two factors, namely, the higher average age of the population and the higher incidence of new marriages in England and Wales, An indication of the latter is given by the proportions married in the earlier age groups, the rent comparable numbers in the 19¾ -24¾ group being 328 per 1,000 for England and Wales against 275 for Scotland and 703 against 614 in the succeeding group 244. Amongst the regions of England and Wales the lowest place is, as already stated, assigned to North and Central Wales (W2). Here, tire age percentages are, almost without exception, lower than those recorded for any other region in England and Wales. The highest age rates are curiously enough, reserved for South Wales (WE, although the overall proportion is somewhat higher in the East Midlands (M2). Northumberland and Durham (NI) ranks high, as does also the West Riding of Yorkshire (W3) and the Eastern region. London and its neighbouring counties rank low in company with Lancashire (N4) and the South Western region.

In Scotland the proportions married are generally higher in the two regions of the central belt at the expense of the regions on either side, of which the lowest position in the whole of the table is that assigned to the Northern region.

Amongst the density aggregates, the age proportions consistently increase with decreasing density in England and Wales, the overall figures for Greater London, other County Boroughs, other smaller towns and Rural Districts being 546, 554, 570 and 583 respectively. In Scotland there is less regularity in the progressions of the proportions, the landward areas being lower than those of Small Burghs at the younger ages and those of the Small Burghs lower than the corresponding figures for Large Burghs at the more advanced ages of the scale.

EXPLANATORY NOTES

1. The 1939 statistics published in this volume in respect of Great Britain and the Isle of Man represent the population enumerated as at midnight 29th/30th September, 1939. In respect of Northern Ireland the figures may be regarded as corresponding approximately to the same date (see Introduction).

In all areas the 1939 populations exclude persons serving in and not on leave from His Majesty's Naval, Military or Air Forces and also persons on ships in port Or in tidal waters.

2. In Table 1 areas scheduled by the Ministry of Health or Department of Health for Scotland as evacuation areas and neutral areas are distinguished respectively by a * and † placed against the name of the area. Reception areas form the remainder and are unmarked.

3. Comparative figures in respect of 1931 and 1938 in Table I relate to the several areas as constituted in September 1939.

4. The acreage quoted in Table I includes land and inland water in England and Wales but iii Scotland and Northern Ireland excludes the larger rivers and lakes.

5. The spelling of place names follows generally that adopted by the Ordnance Survey Department.

6. The abbreviations A.C., C.B., Met. B., M.B., U.D., R.D., and CT., denote respectively Administrative County, County Borough, Metropolitan Borough, Municipal Borough, Urban District, Rural District and Civil Parish.

7. The figures for Administrative Counties exclude those of Associated County Boroughs unless otherwise marked but include those of other large towns.

8. The constitutions of the Geographical Regions adopted throughout the volume are as follows: —

England and Wales

Greater London.	North I.	Midland II.	Wales I.
The area coincident with the City Of London and Metropolitan Police Districts ñ approximately 15 miles radius from Charing Cross	Durham.	Derbyshire.	Brecknockshire.
	Northumberland.	Leicestershire.	Carmarthenshire.
South East.		Northamptonshire.	Glamorganshire.
Bedfordshire	North II.	Nottinghamshire.	Monmouthshire.
Berkshire.	Cumberland.	Peterborough, Soke of.
Buckinghamshire.	Westmorland.		Wales II.
Essex.	Yorkshire, East Riding.	East.	Anglesey.
Hertfordshire.	Yorkshire, North Riding.	Cambridgeshire.	Caernarvonshire.
Kent.		Ely, Isle of.	Cardiganshire.
London.	North III.	Huntingdonshire.	Denbighshire.
Middlesex.	Yorkshire, West Riding.	Lincolnshireó	Flintshire.
Oxfordshire.	York C.B.	Parts of Holland.	Merionethshire.
Southampton.		Parts of Kesteven.	Montgomeryshire.
Surrey.	North IV.	Parts of Lindsey.	Pembrokeshire.
Sussex, East.	Cheshire.	Norfolk.	Radnorshire.
Sussex, West.	Lancashire.	Rutlandshire.
Wight, Isle of.		Suffolk, East.
	Midland I.	Suffolk, West.
	Gloucestershire.
	Herefordshire.	South West.
	Shropshire.	Cornwall.
	Staffordshire.	Devonshire.
	Warwickshire.	Dorsetshire.
	Worcestershire.	Somersetshire.
		Wiltshire.

Scotland

Northern	East Central	West Central	Southern
Counties of	City of	Counties of	Counties of
Aberdeen.	Dundee	Ayr.	Berwick.
Angus (excluding City of Dundee).	Counties of	Dunbarton.	Dumfries.
Argyll.	Clackmannan	Lanark.	Kirkcudbright.
Banff.	Fife.	Renfrew.	Peebles.
Bute.	Lothian, East.		Roxburgh.
Caithness.	West.		Selkirk.
Inverness.	Midlothian.		Wigtown.
Kincardine.	Stirling.
Kinross.
Moray.
Nairn.
Orkney.
Perth.
Ross and Cromarty.
Sutherland.
Zetland.

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¹ National Register figures not available. The number of males and females enumerated at the 1937 census of Northern Ireland were 623,154 and 656,591, respectively.

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