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Extent of Ireland.
IN order to know the consequence and relative importance of any country, it is necessary to be acquainted with its extent; I have reason to believe that that of Ireland is not accurately known. I insert the following table of the acres of each county, plantation measure, because there are several observations to be made on it. GERARD Malines makes the acres of Ireland eighteen millions : (Lex Mercatoria
, part 1. p. 49.) I suppose English measure, which is eleven millions Irish: these two accounts flow therefore from the same source, Templeman's measurement gives it 27,457 square miles, or 17,572,480 acres (Survey of the globe)
English on a scale of 60 miles to a degree, but consequently it is prosessedly erroneous, as a degree is 69½; according to this measure therefore, the contents in real acres would be 20,354,789 English, and 12,721,743 Irish. These accounts come so nearly together, that they are all drawn from similar data; that is, from old maps. Newer ones have many blunders; but as no late actual survey has been made of the kingdom, we must depend on the authority we find. DR. Grew calculated what the real contents of England and Wales were, not at the rate of the geographic mile, but real statute square one, containing 640 acres, and makes it 46,080,000 acres. (Phil. Trans.
No. 330. p. 266.) Instead of the geographic contents of 31,648,000. Ireland measured in the same manner, contains about 25,000,000 of English acres, or 15,500,000 Irish. Soil, Face of the Country and Climate.
To judge of Ireland by the conversation one sometimes hears in England, it would be supposed that one half of it was covered with bogs, and the other with mountains, filled with Irish ready to fly at the sight of a civilized being. There are people who will smile when they hear that in proportion, to the size of the two countries, Ireland is more cultivated than England, having much less waste land of all sorts. Of uncultivated mountains there are no such tracts as are found in our four northern counties, and the North Riding of Yorkshire, with the eastern line of Lancaster, nearly down to the Peak of Derby, which form an extent of above an hundred miles of waste. The most considerable of this sort in Ireland are in Kerry, Galway, and Mayo, and some in Sligo and Donnegal. But all these together will not make the quantity we have in the four northern counties; the vallies in the Irish mountains are also more inhabited I think, than those of England, except where there are mines, and consequently some sort of cultivation creeping up the sides. Natural fertility, acre for acre over the two kingdoms is certainly in favour of Ireland; of this I believe there can scarcely be a doubt entertained, when it is considered that some of the more beautisul, and even best cultivated countries in England, owe almost every thing to the capital art and industry of the inhabitants. THE circumstance which strikes me as the greatest singularity of Ireland, is the rockyness of the soil, which should seem at first sight against that degree of fertility; but the contrary is the fact. Stone is so general, that I have great reason to believe the whole island is one vast rock of different strata and kinds rising out of the sea. I have rarely heard of any great depths being sunk without meeting with it. In general it appears on the sursace in every part of the kingdom, the flattest and most fertile parts, as Limerick, Tipperary and Meath, have it at no great depth, almost as much as the more barren ones. May we not recognize in this the hand of bounteous providence, which has given, perhaps, the most stoney soil in Europe to the moistest climate in it? If as much rain fell upon the clays of England (a soil very rarely met with in Ireland, and never without much stone) as falls upon the rocks of her sister island, those lands could not be cultivated. But the rocks here are cloathed with verdure ;—those of lime-stone with only a thin covering of mould, have the softest and most beautisul turf imaginable. THE rockyness of the soil in Ireland is so universal, that it predominates in every sort. One cannot use with propriety, the terms clay, loam, sand, &c. it must be a stoney
clay, a stoney
loam, a gravelly
sand. Clay, especially the yellow, is much talked of in Ireland, but it is for want of proper discrimination. I have once or twice seen almost a pure clay upon the surface, but it is extremely rare. The true yellow clay is usually found in a thin stratum under the surface mould, and over a rock; harsh, tenacious, stoney, strong loams, difficult to work, are not uncommon; but they are quite different from English clays. FRIABLE sandy loams dry, but fertile, are very common, and they form the best soils in the kingdom for tillage and sheep. Tipperary and Roscommon abound particularly in them. The most fertile of all, are the bullock pastures of Limerick, and the banks of the Shannon in Clare, called the Carcasses.
These are a mellow, putrid, friable loam. SAND, which is so common in England, and yet more common through Spain, France, Germany, and Poland, quite from Gibraltar to Petersburgh, is no where met with in Ireland, except in narrow slips of hillocks, upon the sea coast. Nor did I ever meet with, or hear of a chalky soil. THE bogs, of which foreigners have heard so much, are very extensive in Ireland; that of Allen extends 80 miles, and is computed to contain 300,000 acres. There are others also, very extensive, and smaller ones scattered over the whole kingdom; but these are not in general more than are wanted for fuel. When I come to speak of the improvement of waste lands, I shall describe them particularly. BESIDES the great fertility of the soil, there are other circumstances, which come within my sphere to mention. Few countries can be better watered by large and beautiful rivers; and it is remarkable, that by much the finest parts of the kingdom, are on the banks of these rivers. Witness the Sure, Blackwater, the Liffy, the Boyne, the Nore, the Barrow, and part of the Shannon, they wash a scenery that can hardly be exceeded. From the rockyness of the country, however, there are few of them that have not obstructions, which are great impediments to inland navigation. THE mountains of Ireland give to travelling, that interesting variety, which a flat country can never abound with. And at the same time, they are not in such number as to confer the usual character of poverty, which attends them. I was either upon or very near the most considerable in the kingdom. Mangerton and the Reeks, in Kerry; the Galties in Corke; those of Mourne in Down; Crow Patrick and Nephin, in Mayo, those are the principal in Ireland, and they are of a character in height and sublimity, which should render them the objects of every traveller's attention. RELATIVE to the climate of Ireland, a short residence cannot enable a man to speak much from his own experience; the observations I have made myself, confirm the idea of its being vastly wetter than England; from the 20th of june, to the 20th of october, I kept a register, and there were in 122 days, 75 of rain, and very many of them incessant and heavy. I have examined similar registers I kept in England, and can find no year that even approaches to such a moisture as this. But there is the register of an accurate diary published, which compares London and Corke. The result is, that the quantity at the latter place, was double to that at London. See Smith's, Hist. of Corke.
FROM the information received, I have reason to believe, that the rainy season sets in usually about the first of july, and continues very wet till september or october, when there is usually a dry fine season of a month or six weeks. I resided in the county of Corke, &c. from october till march, and found the winter much more soft and mild, than ever I experienced one in England. I think hardly so wet, as very many I have known with us. The tops of the Galty mountains, exhibited the only snow we saw; and as to frosts, they were so slight and rare, that I believe myrtles, and yet tenderer plants, would have survived without any covering. But when I say that the winter was not remarkable for being wet, I do not mean that we had a dry atmosphere. The inches of rain which fell, in the winter I speak of, would not mark the moisture of the climate. As many inches will fall in a single tropical shower, as in a whole year in England. See Mitchel's Present State of Great Britain, and North America.
But if the clouds presently disperse, and a bright sun shines, the air may soon be dry. The worst circumstance of the climate of Ireland, is the constant moisture without rain. Wet a piece of leather, and lay it in a room, where there is neither sun nor fire, and it will not in summer even, be dry in a month.1
I was a whole summer there (1778) and it is fair to mention that it was as fine a one as ever I knew in England, though by no means so hot. I have known gentlemen in Ireland deny their climate being moisture than England;—but if they have eyes let them open them, and see the verdure that cloaths their rocks, and compare it with ours in England—where rocky soils are of a russet brown however sweet the food for sheep. Does not their island lye more exposed to the great Atlantic, and does not the west wind blow three fourths of the year? If there was another island yet more to the westward, would not the climate of Ireland be improved? Such persons speak equally against fact, reason, and philosophy. That the moisture of a climate does docs not depend on the quantity of rain that falls, but on the powers of aerial evaporation, Dr. Dobson has clearly proved. Philos. Trans.
Vol. lxvii. part I. p. 244. Rental.
NO country can ever be held in a just estimation when the rental of it is unknown. It is not the only circumstance which a political arithmetician should attend to, but it is a most important one. The value of a country is rarely the subject of conversation without guesses at its rental being made, and comparisons between different ones. I contend for nothing more through this and the ensuing tables, than the superiority of actual information on the spot, drawn into one point of view, over any guesses whatever. I shall therefore proceed at once to lay it before the reader. THE first column of rent is either plantation measure, Cunningham, or English; and the second reduces the two last to plantation. THE Cunningham acre is reduced to the plantation measure as seven to nine, and the English as five to eight, which though not perfectly accurate is near it. THE following table contains the information I received relative to the general average rental of whole counties; and as there are several with more than one account, the medium of those different accounts is given in a separate column. 11,042,642 plantation acres, (the quantity commonly supposed) giving the rent of £5,293,312 is at the rate of 9s. 7d. per
acre. The average of all the minutes made it 16s. 6d. from hence there is reason to imagine, that the line travelled was better than the medium of the kingdom; or on the contrary, that the suppositions of the rents per
county are under
the truth; the real rent of the kingdom, if it could be ascertained, would probably be found rather to exceed than fall short of six millions: especially as the rents upon which these particulars are drawn, were not those paid by the occupying tenant, but a general average of all tenures; whereas the object one would ascertain is the sum paid by the occupyer, including consequently, not only the landlords rents, but the profit of the middle men. BUT as Ireland measured in Dr. Grew's manner, by the square acre, instead of the geographic mile, contains 15,500,000 plantation acres. The true rent is thus discovered: if 11,000,000 of acres give £5,293,312 rent, what rent will 15,500,000 acres give? Answer
, £7,420,000. THE difference of money and measure included, 35s. Irish makes just 20s. English. Suppose therefore the rental of Ireland 9s. 7d. per acre, it makes 5s. 6d. English. It is a curious disquisition to compare the rent of land in different countries, and to mark the various circumstances to which the superiority may be attributed. The rental of England has been pretty accurately ascertained to be 13s. an acre.2
This the rent of what is occupied by farmers or landlords; allowing an eighth for large rivers, lakes, royal forests, or common pastures, (mountains, bogs, marshes, moors, not to be excluded, as they are parts of the lands let from which the calculation was made) the average value of England will be 11s. 4d. per acre. Poor rates in the same 1s. 10½d, in the pound, or 1s. 2½d. per acre.3
The information I received in Ireland concerning the amount of the money raised for presentments throughout the kingdom, made the total £140,000 or 3d. an acre. Instead of which is 12s. 6½d. consequently the proportion between the rent of land in England and Ireland is nearly as five to eleven: in other words, that space of land which in Ireland lets for 5s. would in England produce 11s. In this comparison the value of land in England appears to be so much greater than it is in Ireland, that several circumstances should be considered. The idea I found common in Ireland upon that matter was, that rents there were higher
than in England; but the extreme absurdity of the notion arose from the difference of measure and money, the exact par being, as 20 to 35. As far as I can form a general idea of the soil of the two kingdoms, Ireland has much the advantage; and if I am accurate in this, surely a stronger argument cannot be used, to shew the immense importance of CAPITAL first in the hands of the landlords of a country, and then in that of the farmers. I have reason to believe that five pounds sterling per English acre, expended over all Ireland, which amounts to £125,000,000 would not more than build, fence, plant, drain, and improve that country, to be upon a par in those respects with England. And farther, that if those 88 millions were so expended, it would take 25 millions more (or 20s. an acre) in the hands of the farmers in stock of husbandry, to put them on an equal footing with those of her sister kingdom; nor is this calculation so vague as might at first sight appear, since the expences of improvements and stock are very easily estimated in both countries. This is the solution of that surprising inferiority in the rent of Ireland: the English farmer pays a rent for his land in the state he finds it, which includes, not only the natural fertility of the soil, but the immense expenditure which national wealth has in the progress of time poured into it; but the Irishman finds nothing he can afford to pay a rent for, but what the bounty of God has given, unaided by either wealth or industry. The second point is of equal consequence—when the land is to be let, the rent it will bring must depend on the capability of the cultivators to make it productive, if they have but half the capital they ought to be possessed of, how is it possible they should be able to offer a rent proportioned to the rates of another country, in which a variety of causes have long directed a stream of abundant wealth into the purses of her farmers? THESE facts call for one very obvious reflection, which will often recur in the progress of these papers: the consequences of it are felt in Ireland; but I am sorry to say, very ill understood in England: that portion of national wealth which is employed in the improvement of the lands of a state is the best employed for the general welfare of a country; while trade and manufactures, national funds, banking, &c. swallow up prodigious sums in England, but yield a profit of nett above 5 to 10 per cent; the lands of Ireland are unimproved, upon which money would pay 15 to 20 per cent. exclusive of a variety of advantages which must strike the most superficial reader.—Hence the vast importance to England
of the improvement of her Irish territory. It is an old observation, that the wealth of Ireland will always center in England; and the fact is true, though not in the way commonly asserted: No employment of 100 millions, not upon the actual soil of Britain, can ever pay her a tenth of the advantage which would result from Ireland being in the above respects upon that par which I have described with England. The more attentively this matter is considered, I am apt to think the more clearly this will appear; arid that whenever old illiberal jealousies are worn out, which, thanks to the good sense of the age, are daily disappearing, we shall be fully convinced, that the benefit of Ireland is so intimately connected with the good of England, that we shall be as forward to give to that hitherto unhappy country, as she can be to receive, from the firm conviction, that whatever we thus sow will yield to us a most abundant harvest. Products.
THE products per acre were, in every place, an object of my enquiries. The following table will at one view shew what they are upon an average of the kingdom. THESE quantities per English acre are: THE averages of the Farmer's Tour through the East of England were: Of the Sixth Months Tour through the North of England, were: THE products upon the whole are much inferior to those of England, though not more so than I should have expected; not from inferiority of soil, but the extreme inferiority of management. They are not to be considered as points whereon to found a full comparison of the two countries; since a small crop of wheat in England, gained after beans, clover, &c. would be of much more importance than a larger one in Ireland by a fallow: And this remark extends to other crops. TILLAGE in Ireland is very little understood. In the greatest corn counties, such as Louth, Kildare, Carlow and Kilkenny, where are to be seen many very fine crops of wheat, all is under the old system, exploded by good farmers in England, of sowing wheat upon a fallow, and succeeding it with as many crops of spring corn as the soil will bear. Where they do best by their land, it is only two of barley or oats before the fallow returns again, which is something worse than the open field management in England, of 1. fallow; 2. wheat; 3. oats; to which, while the fields are open and common, the farmers are by cruel necessity tied down. The bounty on the inland carriage of corn to Dublin has increased tillage very considerably, but it has no where introduced any other system. And to this extreme bad management of adopting the exploded practice of a century ago, instead of turnips and clover, it is owing, that Ireland, with a soil, acre for acre, much better than England, has its products inferior. BUT keeping cattle of every sort, is a business so much more adapted to the laziness of the farmer, that it is no wonder the tillage is so bad. It is every where left to the cottars, or to the very poorest of the farmers, who are all utterly unable to make those exertions, upon which alone a vigorous culture of the earth can be founded; and were it not for potatoes, which necessarily prepare for corn, there would not be half of what we see at present. While it is in such hands, no wonder tillage is reckoned so unprofitable; profit in all undertakings depends on capital, and is it any wonder that the profit should be small when the capital is nothing at all? Every man that has one gets into cattle, which will give him an idle, lazy, superintendence, instead of an active attentive one. THAT the system
of tillage has improved very little, much as it has been extended in the last fourteen years, there is great reason to believe, from the very small increase in the import of clover seed, which would have doubled and trebled, had tillage got into the train it ought. Import of Clover seed. 1
I have had this happen myself with a pair of wet gloves. The myriads of flies also which buz about ones ears, and are ready to go in shoals into ones mouth at every word—and those almost imperceptible flies called midges
, which perfectly devour one in a wood, or near a river, prove the same thing. 2
EASTERN Tour through England, Vol. iv. p. 119. 3
THE average of the Eastern and Northern Tours, which make a total of £1,916,666. By the returns laid before parliament it appeared to be actually £1,710,316. 14s. 7d. but that return was incomplete, for there are very many parishes named, from which, through neglect, no returns were made. I may remark that this fact is a strong confirmation of the data upon which I formed these calculations, the above sum coming vastly nearer to the truth afterwards ascertained by parliament, than any other calculation or conjecture which ever found its way into print. THE roads of England are a very heavy article; I conjecture much heavier than in Ireland, but I have no data whereby to ascertain the amount. Taken from the record of imports and exports kept by order of the House of Commons. MS.SECTION I.
Acres.
Ulster,
Antrim,
383,020
Armagh,
170,620
Cavan,
274,800.
Down,
344,658
Donnegal,
630,157
Fermanagh,
224,807
Londonderry,
251,510
Monaghan,
170,090
Tyrone,
387,175;
Total,
2,836,837
Leinster,
Carlow,
116,900
Dublin,
123,784
Kildare,
228,590
Kilkenny,
287,650
King's County,
2S7,510
Longford,
134,700
Louth,
111,180
Meath,
326,480
Queen's County,
238,415
Westmeath
249,943
Wexford,
315,396
Wicklow,
252,410
Total,
2,642,958
Munster,
Clare,
428,187
Corke,
991,010
Kerry,
636,905
Limerick,
375,320
Tipperary,
599,500
Waterford,
259,010
Total,
3,289,932
Conaught,
Galway,
775,525
Leitrim,
206,830
Mayo,
724,640
Roscommon,
324,370
Sligo,
241,559
Total,
2,272,915
In all Ireland,
11,042,642
SECTION II.
SECTION III.
Places.
Rent per
Acre.
Rent at
Irish acre.
Rise.
Fall.
Year's pur-
chase land.
Leases, years
or lives.
s.
d.
s.
d.
County of Dublin
22
41
61 L.
Celbridge
1
10
0
22
31
or L.
Dollestown
1
1
0
5
0
Summerhill
1
0
0
23
Slaine Castle
1
5
0
22½
31
or L.
Headfort
1
0
0
21
Druestown
1
6
0
Fore
0
15
0
Packenham Hall
0
17
6
4
4
21
Mullengar to Tullespace
1
0
0
Charleville
0
16
0
4
0
20
Shaen Castle
0
13
0
5
0
20
Athy to Carlow
0
18
0
Kilfaine
0
15
6
2
0
21
21
31
Ross to Taghmon
0
15
0
Bargie and Forth
1
2
9
a little
23½
Wexford to Wells
0
11
0
Wells to Gowry
0
17
0
Courtown
0
17
6
none
22½
31
L.
New Town M. Kennedy
2
0
0
8
0
19½
31
L.
Ditto Mountain
0
8
0
Kilrue
1
2
0
Hampton
1
5
0
20
Cullen
1
0
0
Ravensdale
0
7
0
Market-hill
0
11
6
14
9
Ardmagh
0
10
0
13
0
Ardmagh to Newry
0
10
0
13
0
To Dungannon
0
11
0
14
0
To Lurgan
0
10
0
13
0
Mahon
0
13
6
17
4
Down
0
16
0
20
0
To Belfast
0
16
0
20
0
Castle Hill
0
15
0
19
0
Ards
0
10
6
13
6
Lecale
1
0
0
Redemon to Saintfield
0
10
6
13
6
Belfast
0
13
0
17
0
Belfast to Antrim
0
8
0
10
0
Shanes Castle
0
8
0
10
0
21
31
L.
Lesly Hill
0
12
0
15
0
3
0
21
Near Giants Causway
0
12
0
15
0
Colrain
0
10
6
Newtown Limm
0
10
0
13
0
1
6
Clonleigh county
0
17
6
21
6
25
L.
Mount Charles
0
10
0
21½
Castle Caldwell
0
17
6
2
0
22
Inniskilling
0
11
0
Ditto
0
15
0
Florence Court
0
10
0
Farnham
0
17
0
5
6
22
Granard
1
1
0
Longford
0
13
6
2
0
18½
Strokestown
1
5
0
Elphin
0
13
6
Kingston
0
17
6
Mercra
0
15
0
20
31
L.
Tyrera
0
14
6
Ditto
0
18
0
Tyrawley
0
17
0
Foxford to Castlebar
0
12
0
Castlebar
0
17
6
Westport
0
8
0
1
0
21½
21
31 L.
Holymount
0
13
6
Moniva
0
14
0
21
Wood Lawn
0
16
0
Drumoland Corcasses
1
0
0
20
Limerick
8
0
20
Ansgrove
0
15
0
2
6
20
31
L.
Orrery
1
10
0
Fermoy
0
13
0
Duhallow
0
7
0
Condons and Clangibbons
0
15
0
Barrymore
0
7
0
11
0
Barrets
0
4
0
6
0
Mushery
0
4
0
6
0
Kinclea
0
14
0
22
0
Kerrycurrity
0
10
0
16
0
Courcy's
0
10
0
16
0
Mallow
0
12
0
19
0
31
L.
Castle Martyr
25
Imokilly
0
12
0
19
0
Kilnatalton
0
8
0
12
0
Coolmore
0
14
0
22
0
Killarney
0
8
0
Castle Island to Tralee
1
7
0
Mahagree
0
14
6
17
Tarbat
0
14
0
Adair
1
0
0
Castle Oliver
0
12
0
3
0
100,000 acres in Limerick
1
10
0
20 miles sheepland Tipperary
1
2
6
4
6
20
Ballycanvan
0
15
0
19½
Furness
1
0
0
Gloster
0
15
0
3
0
25
31
L.
Johnstown
1
0
0
20
31
L.
Derry
0
15
0
Cullen
1
10
0
20
31
L.
Mitchels Town
0
2
6
20
21
Average
16
6
21
Average per English acre
10
3
Counties.
Different
minutes.
Average.
Reduced to
plantation.
Total rental of
the County.
£.
s.
d.
£.
s.
d.
£.
s.
d.
£.
Dublin
1
11
6
1
11
6
194,959
Meath
1
0
0
Ditto
1
5
0
Ditto
0
18
6
——
——
——
1
1
2
1
1
2
345,524
Westmeath
0
7
0
0
7
0
87,480
King's County
0
13
0
Ditto
0
12
6
——
——
——
0
12
9
0
12
9
164,161
Carlow
0
15
0
0
15
0
87,675
Wexford
0
15
0
0
15
0
236,547
Wicklow
0
15
0
0
15
0
189,307
Louth,
1
1
0
1
1
0
116,739
Ardmagh
0
8
0
Ditto
0
14
0
——
——
——
0
11
0
0
14
0
119,434
Down
0
10
0
Ditto
0
10
0
Ditto
0
10
0
——
——
——
0
10
0
0
12
10
221,154
Antrim
0
5
6
Ditto
0
4
9
——
——
——
0
5
1½
0
6
6
124,481
Derry
0
4
6
Ditto
0
4
0
——
——
——
0
4
3
0
5
6
69,164
Donnegal
0
1
0
Ditto
0
1
0
Ditto
0
2
6
——
——
——
0
1
6
0
1
6
47,260
Fermanagh
0
8
5
0
8
5
94,603
Cavan
0
6
0
Ditto
0
7
6
——
——
——
0
6
9
0
6
9
92,745
Longford
0
10
0
0
10
0
67,350
Leitrim
0
4
0
Ditto
0
2
0
Ditto
0
1
4
——
——
——
0
2
5
0
2
5
24,990
Roscommon
0
11
0
Ditto
0
10
0
——
——
——
0
10
6
0
10
6
170,294
Sligo
p
12
6
Ditto
0
12
10
Ditto
0
10
10
——
——
——
0
12
0
0
12
0
144,930
Mayo
0
8
0
0
8
0
289,856
Galway
0
8
1
0
8
1
313,440
Clare
0
5
0
0
5
0
107,046
Corke
0
7
0
Ditto
0
3
1
Ditto
0
5
8
Ditto
0
5
4
Ditto
0
5
0
——
——
——
0
5
2
0
5
2
256,010
Kerry
0
2
0
Ditto
0
2
11
Ditto
0
1
7
Ditto
0
4
10
——
——
——
0
2
10
0
2
10
90,226
Limerick
1
0
0
Ditto
1
0
0
Ditto
0
10
6
——
——
——
0
16
10
0
16
10
315,893
Tipperary
0
16
3
Ditto
0
17
4
Ditto
1
0
0
Ditto
0
12
6
——
——
——
0
16
6
0
16
6
494,587
Waterford
0
5
0
Ditto
0
6
10
——
——
——
0
5
11
0
5
11
76,622
Kildare
0
14
6
0
14
6
165,727
Tyrone
0
4
0
Ditto
0
7
9
——
——
——
0
5
6
0
5
6
106,472
Since the journey I have procured the information for the following:
Kilkenny
0
16
0
0
16
0
230,119
Mitchels Town
0
11
0
0
11
0
93,549
Queen's
0
13
0
0
13
0
154,968
Total,
——
5,293,312
£.
s.
d.
Landlords rent of Ireland,
0
9
7
Roads
0
0
3
0
9
10
Rent of England,
0
11
4
Rates,
0
1
2½
0
12
6½
Irish acre and money
0
9
10
Which for an English acre and
English money is0
5
7
SECTION IV.
d.
Wheat, barrels per Irish acre
7½
Barley ditto
11½
Oats ditto
11½
Bere ditto
14
Qrs.
Bush.
Pecks.
Wheat
2
2
3
Barley
3
4
3
Oats
3
4
3
Bere
4
3
0
Qrs.
Bush.
Pecks.
Wheat
3
0
0
Barley
4
0
0
Oats
4
6
0
Qrs.
Bush.
Pecks.
Wheat
3
0
0
Barley
4
0
0
Oats
4
0
0
Average of seven years, from 1764 to 1770,
3349
Average of seven years,4
from 1771 to 1777,
3927
Arthur Young, A Tour in Ireland, made in the years 1776, 1777, and 1778 (London: T. Cadell, 1780)